Quarantine and lockdown, combined with restriction to the movement of people, along with measures like universal use of masks, social distancing, tracking, testing, isolation and specialized centers to manage COVID-19 patients, have been successful in the control and spread of the virus in China and most Asian countries, unlike in Europe and America. This review is written to provide information on quarantine, isolation and lockdown in the context of COVID-19 management. The quarantine and lockdown from historical, socio-cultural, and its effect on special circumstances, for example, the internal and international migrants, daily wage workers, refugees, and the ways in which countries have managed this issue, including the measures taken by Nepal to manage the quarantine and lockdown is briefly presented in this review.
The ultimate journey of research and writing is publication. To see one’s name listed in the author's byline is an exciting feeling. This exciting feeling of authorship credit is linked with responsibility. The impact of the published work will depend on the dissemination of evidence-based scientific findings to help the health care workers, scientists, and policymakers for the benefit of society. This requires ethical research, to begin with, and publication without misconduct to maintain the integrity and trust in science. Among various misconducts in research writing and publication, plagiarism is serious scientific misconduct. The issue of plagiarism is a global concern that requires a collective effort from all stakeholders to prevent it and take prompt action if this issue does arise. Adequate teaching and training are necessary to increase awareness right from the early phases of learning; and to develop a culture of ethical research, writing, and publication. Types of plagiarism and its characteristics vary and should be dealt with accordingly, from a warning to definitive punishment for the offense committed. The software available to detect and avoid plagiarism is plenty and should be used taking into consideration their accuracy, usability, and cost.
Global surgery is interpreted differently and may lack an in-depth understanding which is complicated by socio-economy and culture. Global surgery and global health have become part of health care service following the report of the Lancet Commission. Sustainability, ethical principles, and decolonization are some important ongoing issues for recipient societies. Incorporating societal dimensions, socio-cultural values, patients’ needs, and affordability requires a tailored approach and not blindly pursuing the best technology. The recent COVID-19 has exposed the unethical and inequity in terms of equitable healthcare, vaccine rollout and its access, and unprecedented high mortality observed in some societies. Surgery has been a neglected stepchild of global health and in addition global surgery must not be a slave of technology for the promotion of the ‘gold standard’, especially corporate-led commercialized services because a sustainable and effective surgical service at a reduced cost is desirable for all, be resource-rich or poor. Global surgery and global health include health security and universal health coverage. Stakeholders of global surgery need to be aware that ‘one size does not fit all’ and are required to consider the diverse conditions.
After a year of the COVID-19 pandemic, the meta-analysis in Dec 2020 did not support its reinfections. Now it’s clear that not only reinfection following earlier exposure is a reality, but also breakthrough infections after vaccinations have been increasingly reported. A breakthrough infection means that the infection has broken through the protection provided by the vaccine. The course of the disease, strict observation for preventive measures, together with safe vaccines is necessary long-term solutions. The effectiveness of the vaccine, durability of immunity, the role of the virus variants, the incidence and severity of breakthrough infections are the challenges in real life. A breakthrough infection is the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA or antigen in the respiratory specimen ≥14 days after inoculation of a vaccine. A breakthrough infection of 0.04 to 13% has been reported in the literature. Nepal began vaccine rollout in late Jan 2021. Nearly 3 million population has been vaccinated by two vaccines, the Covishield (AstraZeneca, from India) and Vero Cell (Sinopharm, China). Only minor ‘Adverse Event Following Immunization’ after the initial vaccine rollout has been reported. There is a lack of reports on the breakthrough infection for these vaccines in the local population. Analysis of the data on breakthrough infection from the vaccine rollouts in Nepal is awaited.
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