Two paradigmatic approaches to theorizing about the self exist: the self as agent and the self as a series of processes emerging out of the self-concept. Within each paradigm a number of theories about the self imply consequences for employee motivation. The paradigms can be viewed as operational within different organizational contexts. A metatheoretical model is proposed, relating organizational and task conditions, the activation level of the employee's self, and the employee motivation theories likely to be explanatory and predictive.
Studies of managers' persuasive communicating with key subordinates in American, British, and Australian firms suggest that reasoning is the most frequently used compliance-gaining strategy. A test of these findings with Japanese managers also found reasoning to be the most frequently used strategy. Compliance gaining through assertiveness and appeals to loyalty were positively associated with a manager's view of himself or herself as a “lifetime” employee. Findings were the same for both Japanese-owned and non-Japanese-owned firms in Japan.
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