RESUMO: O Programa Nacional do Livro Didático (PNLD) prevê a universalização e a avaliação dos livros, levando em conta alguns documentos oficiais. Esses documentos aconselham que os conteúdos de biologia sejam pautados em explicações ecológicas e evolutivas, de forma interdisciplinar, com a evolução funcionando como um eixo integrador do conhecimento. Baseando-se na Análise de Conteúdo de Bardin e na Estrutura Conceitual da Biologia de Mayr, foram examinados os conteúdos referentes ao filo dos cordados em três coleções didáticas. O objetivo foi avaliar como esses materiais abordam a evolução. Notou-se que os livros didáticos utilizam os conceitos evolutivos de forma escassa e superficial. A forma mais comum é a descritiva, com o acréscimo de termos evolutivos ou que remetem à evolução. Palavras-chave: Evolução. Análise de Conteúdo. Livro Didático. EVOLUCIÓN COMO EJE INTEGRADOR DE LA BIOLOGÍA EN LIBROS DIDATICOS DE LA SECUNDARIA RESUMEN:El Programa Nacional do Livro Didático (PNLD) prevé la universalización y la evaluación de los libros, teniendo en cuenta algunos documentos oficiales. Eses documentos aconsejan que los contenidos de biología estén pautados en explicaciones ecológicas y evolutivas de forma interdisciplinaria, con la evolución funcionando como un eje integrador del conocimiento. Basándose en el Análisis de Contenido de Bardin y en la Estructura Conceptual de la Biología de Mayr, fueron examinados los contenidos referentes al filo de los cordados en tres colecciones didácticas. El objetivo fue evaluar como eses materiales abordan la evolución. Notase que los libros didácticos utilizan de los conceptos evolutivos de forma escasa y superficial. La forma más común es la descriptiva, agregando términos evolutivos o que remiten a la evolución.
BackgroundSince 1996, when Vivo questioned how many species of mammals occur in Brazil, there has been a huge effort to assess this biodiversity. In this contribution, we present new records for rare species of the sigmodontine rodent genera Rhagomys and Neusticomys previously unknown to Brazilian Amazon. We provided detailed information on the morphologic variation to allow the proper identification of these species. We also furnished updated information on their collection, aiming to establish hypothesis of their geographic distribution, based on SDM’s, aiming to hypothesize potential occurrence areas for these species.MethodsRodent specimens were sampled in separate inventories in two sites of Rondônia State (Hydroelectric Dam Jirau and Parque Nacional de Pacaás Novos) and one site in Pará State (Pacajá), Brazil, and were compared to specimens from museum collections to apply appropriate names. The SDM were conducted using two algorithms for rare species, MaxEnt and randomForest (RF), and were based on seven localities for Rhagomys, and 10 for Neusticomys.ResultsAll specimens were collected with pitfall traps. One specimen of genus Rhagomys was trapped in the Hydroelectric Dam Jirau. We identified this specimen as R. longilingua, and the SDM species indicates suitable areas for its occurrence at high elevations near on the Andes and lowlands of Amazon Basin to the South of the Rio Amazonas. Two specimens of Neusticomys were recorded, and we identified the specimen from Pacaás Novos as N. peruviensis, with SDM suggesting main areas of occurrence on Western Amazon. We applied the name N. ferreirai to the specimen from Pacajá, with SDM recovering suitable areas in Eastern Amazon.DiscussionWe reinforced the importance of pitfall traps on the study of Neotropical rodents. We described morphologic variation within and among all species that do not invalidate their specific status, but in the near future a re-evaluation will be mandatory. The new records extended the species distribution considerably. SDM was successful to predict their distributions, as the two algorithms presented important differences in range size recovered by the models that can be explained by differences in the thresholds used for the construction of the models. Most suitable areas coincide with the areas facing most of the deforestation in Amazon. We added two rare species of sigmodontine rodents to the list of Brazilian Mammals, which now comprises 722 species (or 775 valid nominal taxa). Although more information is available than in 1996, it is essential that mammal experts maintain inventory and revisionary programs to update and revise this information. This is even more important, as changes in Brazilian environmental legislation are being discussed, suggesting reduced need for environmental impact reports prior to beginning commercial enterprises, resulting in the loss of information about native biodiversity in the affected areas.
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