The interacting thermo-physical processes observed include those associated with the rapid expansion of a highly under-expanded jet, leading to an associated sonic flow structure. In such a release, it is also possible for three phases to be present due to the expansion and subsequent Joule-Thomson cooling, and a suitable equation of state is required to elucidate a system's composition. The primary objective of this work is the consideration of these physical processes, and their integration into a suitable numerical framework which can be used as a tool for quantifying associated hazards. This also incorporates the validation of such a model using data available in the literature and also using that recently obtained, and presented here for the first time. Overall, the model has provided an excellent level of agreement with experimental data in terms of fluid and sonic structure and temperature measurements, and good agreement with respect to composition data.
The deployment of a complete carbon capture and storage chain requires a focus upon the hazards posed by the operation of pipelines transporting carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) at high pressure in a dense-phase (supercritical or liquid state). The consequences of an intentional or accidental release from such pipelines must be considered as an integral part of the design process. There are a number of unique challenges to modelling these releases due to the unusual phase-transition behaviour of CO 2 . Additionally, few experimental observations of large-scale CO 2 releases have been made, and the physics and thermochemistry involved are not fully understood. This work provides an overview of elements of the EC FP7CO2PipeHaz project, whose overall aim is to address these important and pressing issues, and to develop and validate mathematical models for multiphase discharge and dispersion from CO 2 pipelines. These are demonstrated here upon a full-scale pipeline release scenario, in which dense-phase CO 2 is released from a full-bore 36-inch pipeline rupture into a crater, and the resulting multiphase CO 2 plume disperses over complex terrain, featuring hills and valleys. This demonstration case is specifically designed to illustrate the integration of different models for the pipeline outflow, near-field and far-field dispersion.
a b s t r a c tSafety studies for production and use of hydrogen reveal the importance of accurate prediction of the overpressure effects generated by delayed explosions of accidental high pressure hydrogen releases. Analysis of previous experimental work demonstrates the lack of measurements of turbulent intensities and lengthscales in the flammable envelope as well as the scarceness of accurate experimental data for explosion overpressures and flame speeds. AIR LIQUIDE, AREVA STOCKAGE ENERGIE and INERIS join in a collaborative project to study un-ignited and ignited high pressure releases of hydrogen.The purpose of this work is to map hydrogen flammable envelopes in terms of concentration, velocity and turbulence, and to characterize the flame behaviour and the associated overpressure. These experimental results (dispersion and explosion) are also compared with blind FLACS modelling.
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