X a n d e r J .H .X . S t o u t h a r t ,* J e r o e n L .M . H a a n s , R o b e r t A .C . L o c k a n d A bstract-Carp eggs were exposed immediately after fertilization to Cu concentrations of 0.3 and 0,8 (xmol/L at water pH 7.6 or pH 6.3. Mortality, the incidence of spina! cord deformation, heart rate, tail movements, hatching success, and whole-body content of K, Na, Mg, Ca, and Cu were determined over time. Light microscopical preparations of eggs (48 h after fertilization) and larvae (168 h after fertilization) were studied. At pH 7.6, Cu did not affect egg mortality, heart rate, tail movements, and whole-body K and Mg content. Hatching success increased only in the 0.3 fimol/L Cu group. Exposure to 0.8 (junol/L Cu increased larval mortality and larval deformation and decreased whole-body Na and Ca content. At pH 6.3, exposure to 0.8 |j.mol/L Cu increased egg mortality and decreased heart rate and tail movements. Furthermore, premature hatching, a concentration-dependent increase of larval mortality, and larval deformation was observed. Exposure to 0.3 and 0.8 p.mol/L Cu decreased the whole-body content of K, Na, Mg, and Ca. Uptake of Cu after hatching increased two-fold at pH 6.3 compared to the pH 7.6 groups. At pH 6.3, all Cu-exposed larvae were unable to fill their swim bladder. Also, after 168 h the yolk sac remained largely unabsorbed in the 0.3 and 0.8 ixmol/L Cu group. Exposure to 0,8 (xmol/L Cu resulted in coagulation of proteins in eggs and yolk sacs. No significant changes in any of the assessed parameters were observed in control groups of pH 6.3 and pH 7.6.
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