This paper presents an improved method of time-domain modeling of pressure wave propagation through liquid media in rigid tapered pipes. The method is based on the transmission line model (TLM), which uses linear transfer functions and delays to calculate the pressures and/or flows at the pipe inlet and outlet. This method is computationally efficient and allows for variable rate simulation. The proposed form of the model differs from previous TLM models in the literature, allowing it to accurately model both low and high frequency characteristics.
This paper examines modeling of the laminar dynamic fluid responses within hydraulic transmission lines that have a tapered shape between the inlet and the outlet. There are excellent models available for fast simulation of pressure and flow dynamics within uniform lines; however, the established models for tapered lines either cannot be implemented in the time domain, are complex to implement, or have long simulation times. The enhanced transmission line method (TLM) structure is applied in this paper since it can be computed quickly in the time domain and has shown to accurately model the effects of frequency-dependent friction. This paper presents a method of optimizing the TLM weighting functions, minimizing the error between the TLM transmission matrix terms and a numerical ordinary differential equation (ODE) solution calculated using a boundary value solver. Optimizations have shown that using the TLM to model tapered lines can provide a fair approximation when compared in the frequency domain. Two-dimensional (2D) interpolation of a look-up table is possible allowing for quick selection of the optimized parameters. Further investigation into the effects of pipe wall elasticity and its inclusion into the TLM is also performed. Also, an experiment was performed to validate high frequency harmonic peaks present in the frequency response, which yielded acceptable results when compared to the theory, and the proposed tapered TLM. This model can be used in numerous applications where line dynamic effects must be accounted for, especially with digital hydraulic switched inertance converters where high frequencies are present.
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