Aerosol photometers often are calibrated against field measurements of total or respirable aerosol concentrations. However, the response of these instruments to a particular aerosol concentration level will change if there is a change in aerosol size distribution. To determine a predictable correction factor that relates photometer to gravimetric measurements of an aerosol, the authors performed an analysis of photometer response relative to particle size distribution, density, and refractive index. A series of trials was performed at different concentration levels using both Arizona road dust and ground corn dust. The correction factor was calculated from a knowledge of the instrument response pattern relative to particle size, as well as the ratios of actual dust density and refractive index relative to that of the dust used to calibrate the instruments. Results demonstrated that the calculated correction factors were within 10% of a correction factor predicted from the slope of a linear regression relating gravimetric measurements to the average of photometer readings taken during the sample period.
Chemical and biological (CB) warfare have long been practiced, and although these types of warfare are not acceptable in modern times, this does not prevent them from occurring. This makes it important for societies to be able to appropriately respond to these events, including the best way to decontaminate victims to keep them and emergency responders safe. Decontamination methods such as chemical, physical, wet, and dry methods are discussed, as well as their downsides. Secondary contamination, which played a significant role in the Tokyo sarin attacks, has long been noted by anecdotal evidence, although it has been little studied. Biological agents cause more problems after infection has taken place, and thus preventing the spread of infection is the largest concern. There are many differences between military and civilian populations, and the response to mass casualty attacks differs accordingly. There are several emerging technologies that can make this process easier on all parties, such as bioscavengers, antitoxins, and color changing bleach for visualization. A reliable way to quantify decontamination is also needed, which would allow for better care of victims both in normal hospital situations, as well as during aeromedical transport. In addition, several gaps were identified, such as the lack of scientific basis for 90 percent reduction during decontamination, a way to quantify decontamination, and the lack of studies on toxic industrial chemicals and secondary contamination.
Simultaneous exposures classified as high for metals/solvents/noise appear to damage hearing more than exposure to noise alone. Hearing conservation programs should take into consideration combined exposures to metals, solvents, and noise, not simply exposure to noise.
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