a b s t r a c tAnecdotal and preliminary evidence suggests that Soldiers returning from a combat deployment engage in an increased number of health risk behaviors. Three potential factors driving this change were examined in this study; posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), concussion and traumatic brain injury (TBI), and perceived invincibility. We studied members of a combat arms brigade one month prior to a deployment to Iraq and approximately one month after their return (N ¼ 319). Participants anonymously completed surveys characterizing attitudes about risk, risk propensity, invincibility, engagement in health risk behaviors, and personality. Using standardized screening instruments, participants were categorized with respect to PTSD and probable TBI. Results suggest that Soldiers engage in more alcohol use and reckless driving behaviors post-deployment. These changes were exaggerated in those who screened positive for PTSD. Perception of one's invincibility and survival skills increased postdeployment thus suggesting that participants felt less susceptible to adverse consequences and more adept at surviving dangerous situations. This study provides documentation of the pattern of health behavior in Soldiers engaged in the deployment cycle. Our findings suggest increases in the number of risks Soldiers' engage in post-deployment are not limited to those with PTSD symptomtotology. This study has implications for not only adjustment to life post-deployment at the individual level but also operational readiness.Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Like previous research, this study strongly suggests that both drugs can maintain acceptable levels of mood and performance during sleep deprivation. The results also confirm that modafinil is well tolerated and appears to be a good alternative to dextroamphetamine for countering the debilitating mood and cognitive effects of sleep loss during sustained operations.

While the results of this study support the efficacy of modafinil, the main finding is the large literature gap evaluating the short- and long-term effects of these drugs in healthy adults.

Little research has been done to explore the integrity of emotion-based decision-making performance in individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In the current study, performance on two decision-making tasks with both positive and negative reinforcement, the standard Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) and the variant Iowa Gambling Task (vIGT), and measures of mood symptoms, were compared between U.S. active-duty soldiers diagnosed with PTSD (n = 23) and soldiers with no PTSD (n = 23). The results revealed that the PTSD group, when compared to controls, reported significantly higher anxiety and depression symptoms. The PTSD group showed similar behavioral performance as controls on the standard IGT but failed to choose advantageously on the vIGT, which has been shown to reflect hypersensitivity to punishment. Medicated participants, being treated with antidepressants, showed significantly better overall performance on the IGT but not on the vIGT compared to nonmedicated participants. The results suggest that soldiers being treated for PTSD have a unique decision-making pattern that may be attributed to difficulty in processing delayed reward when presented with immediate punishment.

A significant proportion of military veterans of operations in Afghanistan and Iraq have been diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Growing evidence suggests that neuropsychological deficits are a symptom of PTSD. The current study investigated neurocognitive functioning among soldiers diagnosed with PTSD. Specifically, active-duty soldiers with and without a diagnosis of PTSD were assessed for performance on tests of attention and working memory. In addition, factors such as combat experience, depression, anxiety, PTSD symptom severity, and alcohol consumption were explored as possible mediators of group differences in neurocognitive functioning. Twenty-three active-duty soldiers diagnosed with PTSD were matched with 23 healthy Soldier controls; all were administered the Attention Network Task (ANT), Backward Digit Span (BDS) task, Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, PTSD Checklist—Military Version, Combat Exposure Scale, and Modified Drinking Behavior Questionnaire. Soldiers diagnosed with PTSD performed significantly worse on the working memory task (BDS) than healthy controls, and reported greater levels of PTSD symptoms, combat exposure, depression, and anxiety. However, after controlling for depression and anxiety symptoms, the relationship between PTSD and working memory was no longer present. The results indicate that PTSD is accompanied by deficits in working memory, which appear to be partially attributed to anxiety and depression symptoms.

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These results support the use of stroboscopic illumination as a nonpharmacologic countermeasure for motion sickness related to retinal slip. However, due to the uncontrolled nature of the flights, the possibility that these results could have been influenced by differences in motion between flights cannot be excluded. This technology should be investigated in other forms of transportation (i.e., ground vehicles).

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