We have synthesized a 7-diethylaminocoumarin (DEAC) derivative that allows wavelength selective, two-photon uncaging at 900 nm versus 720 nm. This new caging chromophore, called DEAC450, has an extended π-electron moeity at the 3-position that shifts the absorption spectrum maximum of DEAC from 375 nm to 450 nm. Two-photon excitation at 900 nm was more than 60-fold greater than at 720 nm. Two-photon uncaging of DEAC450-Glu at 900 nm at spine heads on pyramidal neurons in acutely isolated brain slices generated postsynaptic responses that were similar to spontaneous postsynaptic excitatory miniature currents, whereas significantly higher energies at 720 nm evoked no currents. Since many nitroaromatic caged compounds are two-photon active at 720 nm, optically selective uncaging of DEAC450-caged biomolecules at 900 nm may allow facile two-color optical interrogation of bimodal signaling pathways in living tissue with high resolution for the first time.

Caged compounds are molecules rendered functionally inert by derivatization with a photochemical protecting group. We describe the design logic behind the development of a diethylaminocoumarin (DEAC) caging chromophore, DEAC450, that absorbs blue light strongly (ε450 = 43,000 M-1 cm-1), and violet light 10-fold more weakly. The absorption minimum is in the wavelength range (340-360 nm) that is traditionally used for photolysis of many widely used nitroaromatic caged compounds (e.g. 4-carboxymethoxy-5,7-dinitroindolinyl(CDNI)-GABA). We used this chromophore to synthesize DEAC450-caged cAMP and found this probe was very stable towards aqueous hydrolysis in the electronic ground state but was photolyzed with a quantum efficiency of 0.76. When DEAC450-cAMP and CDNI-GABA where co-applied to striatal cholinergic interneurons, the caged compounds were photolyzed in an chromatically orthogonal manner using blue and violet light so as to modulate the neuronal firing rate in a bi-directional way.

We have synthesized photolabile 7-diethylamino coumarin (DEAC) derivatives of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). These caged neurotransmitters efficiently release GABA using linear or nonlinear excitation. We used a new DEAC-based caging chromophore that has a vinyl acrylate substituent at the 3-position that shifts the absorption maximum of DEAC to about 450 nm and thus is named "DEAC450". DEAC450-caged GABA is photolyzed with a quantum yield of 0.39 and is highly soluble and stable in physiological buffer. We found that DEAC450-caged GABA is relatively inactive toward two-photon excitation at 720 nm, so when paired with a nitroaromatic caged glutamate that is efficiently excited at such wavelengths, we could photorelease glutamate and GABA around single spine heads on neurons in brain slices with excellent wavelength selectivity using two- and one-photon photolysis, respectively. Furthermore, we found that DEAC450-caged GABA could be effectively released using two-photon excitation at 900 nm with spatial resolution of about 3 μm. Taken together, our experiments show that the DEAC450 caging chromophore holds great promise for the development of new caged compounds that will enable wavelength-selective, two-color interrogation of neuronal signaling with excellent subcellular resolution.

Caged compounds have widely used by neurophysiologists to study many aspects of cellular signaling in glia and neurons. Biologically inert before irradiation, they can be loaded into cells via patch pipette or topically applied in situ to a defined concentration, photolysis releases the caged compound in a very rapid and spatially defined way. Since caged compounds are exogenous optical probes, they include not only natural products such neurotransmitters, calcium and IP3, but non-natural products such as fluorophores, drugs and antibodies. In this Technical Spotlight we provide a short introduction to the uncaging technique by discussing the nitroaromatic caging chromophores most widely used in such experiments (e.g. CNB1, DMNB, MNI and CDNI). We show that recently developed caging chromophores (RuBi and DEAC450) that are photolyzed with blue light (ca. 430–480 nm range) can be combined with traditional nitroaromatic caged compounds to enable two-color optical probing of neuronal function. For example, one-photon uncaging of either RuBi-GABA or DEAC450-GABA with a 473-nm laser is facile, and can block non-linear currents (dendritic spikes or action potentials) evoked by two-photon uncaging of CDNI-Glu at 720 nm. We also show that two-photon uncaging of DEAC450-Glu and CDNI-GABA at 900 and 720 nm, respectively, can be used to fire and block action potentials. Our experiments illustrate that recently developed chromophores have taken uncaging out of the “monochrome era”, in which it has existed since 1978, so as to enable multichromic interrogation of neuronal function with single synapse precision.

Catalytic enantioselective methods for the generation of cyclopropanes has been of longstanding pharmaceutical interest. Chiral dirhodium(II) catalysts prove to be an effective means for the generation of diverse cyclopropane libraries. Rh2(R-DOSP)4 is generaally the most effective catalyst for asymmetric intermolecular cyclopropanation of methyl aryldiazoacetates with styrene. Rh2(S-PTAD)4 provides high levels of enantioinduction with ortho-substituted aryldiazoacetates. The less-established Rh2(R-BNP)4 plays a complementary role to Rh2(R-DOSP)4 and Rh2(S-PTAD)4 in catalyzing highly enantioselective cyclopropanation of 3- methoxy-substituted aryldiazoacetates. Substitution on the styrene has only moderate influence on the asymmetric induction of the cyclopropanation.

Caged neurotransmitters, in combination with focused light beams, enable precise interrogation of neuronal function, even at the level of single synapses. However, most caged transmitters are, surprisingly, severe antagonists of ionotropic gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors. By conjugation of a large, neutral dendrimer to a caged GABA probe we introduce a “cloaking” technology that effectively reduces such antagonism to very low levels. Such cloaked caged compounds will enable the study of the signaling of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA in its natural state using two-photon uncaging microscopy for the first time.

Caged neurotransmitters, in combination with focused light beams, enable precise interrogation of neuronal function, even at the level of single synapses. However, most caged transmitters are, surprisingly, severe antagonists of ionotropic gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors. By conjugation of a large, neutral dendrimer to a caged GABA probe we introduce a "cloaking" technology that effectively reduces such antagonism to very low levels. Such cloaked caged compounds will enable the study of the signaling of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA in its natural state using two-photon uncaging microscopy for the first time. Graphical abstractCaged neurotransmitters are known to be quite antagonistic toward the GABA-A receptor. The conjugation of a polyester dendrimer "cloak" to the caged compound DEAC450-GABA significantly decreased its GABA-A receptor antagonism. The chemical probe was inert at concentrations required for effective two-photon photolysis on living cells. Keywords caged compounds; GABA-A receptors; optical methods; two-photon; biologically inert Correspondence to: Graham C. R. Ellis-Davies. b These authors contributed equally to this work.Supporting information for this article is given via a link at the end of the document. HHS Public Access Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptAuthor Manuscript Author ManuscriptPhotochemical probes have revolutionized modern physiological studies. In an era initiated by Galvani, electrodes were the best technology available for real-time stimulation and measurement. However, the photon is more precise and versatile than the electron, so the former is not merely starting to "replace" the latter, but light, in combination with chemistry, is being used to open completely new avenues of physiological discovery [1] . To deliver their potential, the new chemical technologies require novel light sources and so pulsed lasers have been vital for time-resolved chemical biology [2] . Enabled by ultra-fast, pseudocontinuous Ti:sapphire lasers, neurobiology now routinely uses two-photon (2P) microscopy for live cell imaging in complex tissue such as acutely isolated brain slices and living animals. But, as noted by Denk, et al. in their seminal 1990 paper [3] , 2P excitation "also provides unprecedented capabilities for three-dimensional, spatially resolved photochemistry, particularly photolytic release of caged effector molecules." While initial reports of two-photon uncaging used probes [4,5] originally designed for linear actuation, more recently caged compounds designed for 2P excitation have been introduced for Glu, GABA, IP 3 , calcium, etc [6] . Some of these have even proved useful for independent 2P physiological studies [2] . It is striking that caged Glu probes, in particular, have proved very useful but caged GABA probes much less so. One reason for this must the inherent antagonism of all caged GABA compounds towards GABA-A receptors at concentrations required for effective 2P photolysis in brain tissue [7] . We have developed a new technology, which ...

The reaction of benzofuranyldiazoacetates with 1,3-dienes catalyzed by the dirhodium tetracarboxylate Rh2(R-DOSP)4, generates formal [4+3] cycloadducts with >94% de and 91-98% ee. The reaction proceeds by a tandem cyclopropanation/Cope rearrangement followed by a stereoselective tautomerization. This methodology was extended to a formal synthesis of (+)-frondosin B.