Sentiment analysis is used as a proxy to measure human emotion, where the objective is to categorize text according to some predefined notion of sentiment. Sentiment analysis datasets are typically constructed with gold-standard sentiment labels, assigned based on the results of manual annotations. When working with such annotations, it is common for dataset constructors to discard "noisy" or "controversial" data where there is significant disagreement on the proper label. In datasets constructed for the purpose of Twitter sentiment analysis (TSA), these controversial examples can compose over 30% of the originally annotated data. We argue that the removal of such data is a problematic trend because, when performing real-time sentiment classification of short-text, an automated system cannot know a priori which samples would fall into this category of disputed sentiment. We therefore propose the notion of a "complicated" class of sentiment to categorize such text, and argue that its inclusion in the short-text sentiment analysis framework will improve the quality of automated sentiment analysis systems as they are implemented in real-world settings. We motivate this argument by building and analyzing a new publicly available TSA dataset of over 7,000 tweets annotated with 5x coverage, named MTSA. Our analysis of classifier performance over our dataset offers insights into sentiment analysis dataset and model design, how current techniques would perform in the real world, and how researchers should handle difficult data.

Motivation The genotype assignment problem consists of predicting, from the genotype of an individual, which of a known set of populations it originated from. The problem arises in a variety of contexts, including wildlife forensics, invasive species detection and biodiversity monitoring. Existing approaches perform well under ideal conditions but are sensitive to a variety of common violations of the assumptions they rely on. Results In this article, we introduce Mycorrhiza, a machine learning approach for the genotype assignment problem. Our algorithm makes use of phylogenetic networks to engineer features that encode the evolutionary relationships among samples. Those features are then used as input to a Random Forests classifier. The classification accuracy was assessed on multiple published empirical SNP, microsatellite or consensus sequence datasets with wide ranges of size, geographical distribution and population structure and on simulated datasets. It compared favorably against widely used assessment tests or mixture analysis methods such as STRUCTURE and Admixture, and against another machine-learning based approach using principal component analysis for dimensionality reduction. Mycorrhiza yields particularly significant gains on datasets with a large average fixation index (FST) or deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Moreover, the phylogenetic network approach estimates mixture proportions with good accuracy. Availability and implementation Mycorrhiza is released as an easy to use open-source python package at github.com/jgeofil/mycorrhiza. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

After being collected for patient care, Observational Health Data (OHD) can further benefit patient well-being by sustaining the development of health informatics and medical research. Vast potential is unexploited because of the fiercely private nature of patient-related data and regulation about its distribution. Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) have recently emerged as a groundbreaking approach to learn generative models efficiently that produce realistic Synthetic Data (SD). They have revolutionized practices in multiple domains such as self-driving cars, fraud detection, simulations in the and marketing industrial sectors known as digital twins, and medical imaging. The digital twin concept could readily apply to modelling and quantifying disease progression. In addition, GANs posses a multitude of capabilities relevant to common problems in the healthcare: augmenting small dataset, correcting class imbalance, domain translation for rare diseases, let alone preserving privacy. Unlocking open access to privacy-preserving OHD could be transformative for scientific research. In the COVID-19’s midst, the healthcare system is facing unprecedented challenges, many of which of are data related and could be alleviated by the capabilities of GANs. Considering these facts, publications concerning the development of GAN applied to OHD seemed to be severely lacking. To uncover the reasons for the slow adoption ofGANs for OHD, we broadly reviewed the published literature on the subject. Our findings show that the properties of OHD and eval-uating the SD were initially challenging for the existing GAN algorithms (unlike medical imaging, for which state-of-the-art model were directly transferable) and the choice of metrics ambiguous. We find many publications on the subject, starting slowly in 2017and since then being published at an increasing rate. The difficulties of OHD remain, and we discuss issues relating to evaluation,consistency, benchmarking, data modeling, and reproducibility.

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