Purpose: The objectives were to characterize clinico-pathologically a large series of peri-implant peripheral giant cell granuloma (PGCG), and investigate the role of foreign material as a possible etiological factor. Material and methods:The study was retrospective, conducted on peri-implant specimens submitted for histology between 2005 and 2021.Results: Three hundred and thirty-five peri-implant biopsies were retrieved, of which 52 (15.5%) were PGCG. The study population included 28 females and 24 males, age 35-92 years, mean 61. 51.2% reported bone involvement. The lesion involved the margins of the specimen in 65.3%, recurrence was reported in 46.1%. In 58.8% the implant was removed at the same time the specimen was submitted for histopathological analysis.Small foci of black granular foreign material were observed in 53.8% of cases of which 67.8% were birefringent under polarized light. The foreign material granules were not ingested inside multinucleated giant cells, but were scattered in the stromal compartment.Conclusions: Peri-implant PGCG is locally aggressive, with frequent bone involvement and high recurrence rate, resulting in implant loss in the majority of cases. The high recurrence rate may be related to conservative or inadequate surgery. Foreign material although common does not seem to have a role in its development.dental implants, peri-implantitis, peripheral giant cell granuloma What is known• Peripheral giant cell granuloma have been reported to present around dental implants in single cases or small series, with undetermined prognosis • Fragments of metal have been suggested as a possible etiology What this study adds• The present study included 52 cases of peri-implant giant cell granuloma • These lesions comprise 15.5% of biopsied peri-implant lesions, and result in implant loss in 58.8% of cases • Small fragments of foreign material, probably titanium shreds are a frequent finding but are not ingested by the multinuclear giant cells and do not elicit a specific inflammatory response

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Background: Oral mucosal biopsies might harbor candidal hyphae (CH) in the absence of any clinical signs or symptoms. Aim: To assess oral mucosa biopsies for the frequency of unexpected CH and characterize their clinico-pathological features. Materials and Methods: All biopsy reports (2004–2019) were searched using CH/candida/candidiasis as key words. Cases with clinical diagnosis of oral candidiasis (OC) were excluded. Demographic data, health status, smoking habits, clinical features and diagnoses were collected. Statistical analysis included the chi-square test; significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: Of all the biopsies, 100 (1.05%) reported microscopical evidence of CH without typical clinical signs/symptoms of OC. Fifteen cases were from healthy, non-smoking patients. CH was common on buccal mucosa (38%) and lateral tongue (23%). The tip of tongue (OR = 54.5, 95%CI 9.02–329.4, p < 0.001) and lateral tongue (OR = 3.83, 95%CI 2.4–6.09, p < 0.001) were more likely to harbor CH-positive lesions. CH-positive lesions were diagnosed as epithelial hyperplasia (55%) and exophytic reactive lesions (30%). No correlation was found between CH and the grade of epithelial dysplasia. Conclusions: Microscopic evidence of CH embedded into oral epithelium without typical signs/symptoms of OC is rare, especially in healthy, non-smokers. Since CH was occasionally found in oral sites prone to local trauma and in association with reactive lesions, in absence of host co-morbidities, the contribution of local mechanical forces to CH embedment cannot be ruled out.

AimsThe aim of the study was to analyze objective and subjective olfactory/gustatory function in post‐COVID‐19 infection (PCI).Materials and MethodsPatients with past PCR‐confirmed COVID‐19 infection and persistent olfactory/gustatory complaints were investigated. Olfactory threshold and identification, gustatory detection, identification, and magnitude scaling were tested.ResultsA total of 42 PCI subjects were compared to 41 age‐ and gender‐matched controls with no COVID‐19 history. All PCI tested had mild COVID‐19 disease. Mean interval between COVID‐19 confirmations to testing was 7.4 ± 3.1 months. PCI subjects complained of combined dysfunction in 85.7%, isolated olfactory or gustatory dysfunction in 7.1% each. Combined complaints were significantly higher in PCI (p < 0.001). Objective testing showed significantly higher prevalence of dysfunction in PCI versus controls for hyposmia (73.8%, 12.2%), anosmia (11.9%, 0%), odor identification (68.5%, 83.0%), hypogeusia (23% and 2.4%, respectively), and impaired magnitude scaling, (p < 0.05). All PCI subjects with hypogeusia had abnormal gustatory magnitude scaling.ConclusionsWhile most PCI subjects complained of combined gustatory and olfactory dysfunction, objective testing showed in the majority an isolated single sense dysfunction, with a low level of agreement between subjective and objective findings.Abnormal objective results for all olfactory and gustatory functions tested may suggest a central rather than peripheral mechanism, although concomitant mechanisms cannot be excluded.

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