As new technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT) are integrated into Critical National Infrastructures (CNI), new cybersecurity threats emerge that require specific security solutions. Approaches used for analysis include the modelling and simulation of critical infrastructure systems using attributes, functionalities, operations, and behaviours to support various security analysis viewpoints, recognising and appropriately managing associated security risks. With several critical infrastructure protection approaches available, the question of how to effectively model the complex behaviour of interconnected CNI elements and to configure their protection as a system-of-systems remains a challenge. Using a systematic review approach, existing critical infrastructure protection approaches (tools and techniques) are examined to determine their suitability given trends like IoT, and effective security modelling and analysis issues. It is found that empirical-based, agent-based, system dynamics-based, and network-based modelling are more commonly applied than economic-based and equation-based techniques, and empirical-based modelling is the most widely used. The energy and transportation critical infrastructure sectors reflect the most responsive sectors, and no one Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP) approach -tool, technique, methodology or framework -provides a 'fit-for-all' capacity for all-round attribute modelling and simulation of security risks. Typically, deciding factors for CIP choices to adopt are often dominated by trade-offs between 'complexity of use' and 'popularity of approach', as well as between 'specificity' and 'generality' of application in sectors. Improved security modelling is feasible via; appropriate tweaking of CIP approaches to include a wider scope of security risk management, functional responsiveness to interdependency, resilience and policy formulation requirements, and collaborative information sharing between public and private sectors.
Industrial control systems (ICS) are a key element of a country's critical infrastructure, which includes industries like energy, water, and transport. In recent years, an increased convergence of operational and information technology has been taking place in these systems, increasing their cyber risks, and making security a necessity. People are often described as one of the biggest security risks in ICS, and historic attacks have demonstrated their role in facilitating or deterring them. One approach to enhance the security of organisations using ICS is the development of a security culture aiming to positively influence employees' security perceptions, knowledge, and ultimately, behaviours. Accordingly, this work aims to review the security culture literature in organisations which use ICS and the factors that affect it, to provide a summary of the field. We conclude that the factors which affect security culture in ICS organisations are in line with the factors discussed in the general literature, such as security policies and management support. Additional factors related to ICS, such as safety culture, are also highlighted. Gaps are identified, with the limited research coverage being the most prominent. As such, proposals for future research are offered, including the need to conduct research with employees whose roles are not security related.
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