Objectives-Given the importance of sense of mastery for physical and psychological well-being in later life, this study examined the predictors of a sense of mastery among Korean American elders.Method-The sample included 141 community-dwelling Korean Americans aged 60 and older (M age=68.5, SD=6.40), who provided data in both 2003 and 2005. The model predicting sense of mastery at time 2 was estimated with sets of predictors that included (a) baseline sense of mastery, (b) other baseline characteristics (age, gender, education, length of stay in the United States, and baseline chronic conditions and functional disability), (c) non-health-related change (widowhood, decline in financial status and increased difficulty with transportation), (d) health-related change (increase in chronic conditions and increase in functional disability) and (e) an interaction term (increase in chronic conditions × increase in functional disability).Results-After adjusting for baseline mastery, we found that baseline functional disability, decline in financial status and increased functional disability posed a significant threat to subsequent levels of mastery. Additionally, the interaction between increase in chronic conditions and increase in functional disability was significant: individuals who experienced increases in both chronic conditions and functional disability were at particular risk of a diminished sense of mastery.Conclusion-Findings underscore the need for intervention efforts to preserve and promote a sense of mastery among older adults facing health decline.
Nanotechnology is currently applied in food processing and packaging in the food industry. Nano encapsulation techniques could improve sensory perception and nutrient absorption. The purpose of this study was to identify the sensory characteristics and consumer acceptability of three types of commercial and two types of laboratory-developed soy milk. A total of 20 sensory attributes of the five different soy milk samples, including appearance, smell (odor), taste, flavor, and mouthfeel (texture), were developed. The soy milk samples were evaluated by 100 consumers based on their overall acceptance, appearance, color, smell (odor), taste, flavor, mouthfeel (texture), goso flavor (nuttiness), sweetness, repeated use, and recommendation. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), principal component analysis (PCA), and partial least square regression (PLSR) were used to perform the statistical analyses. The SM_D sample generally showed the highest scores for overall liking, flavor, taste, mouthfeel, sweetness, repeated consumption, and recommendation among all the consumer samples tested. Consumers preferred sweet, goso (nuttiness), roasted soybean, and cooked soybean (nuttiness) attributes but not grayness, raw soybean flavor, or mouthfeel. Sweetness was closely related to goso (nuttiness) odor and roasted soybean odor and flavor based on partial least square regression (PLSR) analysis. Determination of the sensory attributes and consumer acceptance of soymilk provides insight into consumer needs and desires along with basic data to facilitate the expansion of the consumer market.
This study clarified the fundamental characteristics of the Records of Gisaeng and Changgi, which are frequently misunderstood and misread, examined related data ranging from four existing bibliographies to microfilms since 1988 and the current online service, and thoroughly explored the overall description for the Records of Gisaeng and Changgi. First, Records of Gisaeng and Changgi are historically deplorable and miserable records that clearly show that the Gisaeng System, which has been inheriting the traditional cultural art of the Korean Peninsula, female musician, from the Goryeo Dynasty to the Joseon Dynasty and The Korean Empire Period, was forcibly changed by the Japanese Residential-General and police authority without having own power to convert into the Modern Gisaeng System, during the turning point from a pre-modern time to a modern time in the Korean Empire Period. Secondly, even though the Korean Peninsula went through extremely chaotic political and social situations since opening a port of Busan in 1876, there was no nationally authorized prostitution system. On September 25, 1908, which was right before the Japanese colonial period, the Japanese Resident-General implanted a Prostitution System, which is the first official prostitution system involving Korean prostitutes. In other words, the Korean Peninsula, which strictly prohibited any prostitution involving money, was degraded into an immoral society (country with an official prostitution system) where people trade sex without any legal punishments. The Records of Gisaeng and Changgi are the bitter historical scars of colonized Koreans who were victims of the prostitution system implanted in the Korean Peninsula. Lastly, there needs to be more detailed bibliographical studies that cover the whole contents of Records of Gisaeng and Changgi and publish books that interpret each document about “Gisaeng” and “Prostitute” in Korean. This would allow both related researchers and ordinary people to approach more easily and understand the concept of “Gisaeng” and “Prostitute” during The Korean Empire’s turning point of modernization in more detailed and correct ways. Moreover, there should be clear definitions and new changes in perception of the “Gisaeng Group” as the artist group that inherited the tradition of female musicians and “Prostitute Group” as the prostitute group who lived on prostitution.
This study explored “Preceding Studies” and “Existing Bibliography” that utilized the Records of Gisaeng and Changgi as well as “Recent Research Trends” that verified and corrected the academic errors and distortions found in those studies and bibliography to derive the state and problems of the existing copies of the Records of Gisaeng and Changgi. After figuring out the problems found in the existing copies, this study emphasized the need for new copy and described the process of obtaining the new copy (the colored copy of the Records of Gisaeng and Prostitute on June 30 2022) based on academic proposal and request to the National Archives of Korea. Then, this study came up with the value and utilization direction of the new colored copy. To establish the correct understanding on “Fundamental Characteristic and Truth of Records of Gisaeng and Changgi,” it is necessary to publish the new 2022 copy for Records of Gisaeng and Changgi and books that compile reprinted copy, accurately translated copy, and the recent studies on Records of Gisaeng and Changgi. These new copy and books will correct academic errors and distortions discovered in previous studies and existing bibliographies based on Records of Gisaeng and Changgi, as well as widely spread the corrections as well as newly discovered facts. Records of Gisaeng and Changgi should be easily accessible to both researchers and ordinary people in order to highlight the value and fundamental characteristics of Gisaeng and prostitute, as well as to promote the correct understanding and new perception toward the Korean modern history of Gisaeng and prostitute by clearly distinguishing and understanding the concepts of “Gisaeng Group” as the artist group that inherited the tradition of female musicians and “Prostitute Group” as the prostitute group who lived on prostitution during The Korean Empire’s turning point of modernization. Lastly, Although the Gisaeng during the Joseon Dynasty, the Daehan Empire, and the Japanese colonial era was not free from the sexual amusement and exploitation of the men under the Confucian society and the Japanese colonial rule, Gisaeng was not a prostitute who made a living by the prostitution. Gisaeng was an entertainer who learned music and dance every day at Jangakwon in the Joseon Dynasty, Goybangsa in the Daehan Empire, and Gisaeng Association and Gwonbeon in the Japanese colonial period. Gisaeng also made a living by doing music and dance at the royal court events, public events, private events, theaters, and restaurants.
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