EUS does not substantially impact on pretreatment T staging of patients with early gastric cancer compared with conventional endoscopy. Therefore, EUS may not be necessary routinely, and conventional endoscopy may be sufficient for determining the optimal therapeutic strategy, especially in relation to endoscopic resection for early gastric cancer.

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Although renal hyperfiltration (RHF) or an abnormal increase in GFR has been associated with many lifestyles and clinical conditions, including diabetes, its clinical consequence is not clear. RHF is frequently considered to be the result of overestimating true GFR in subjects with muscle wasting. To evaluate the association between RHF and mortality, 43,503 adult Koreans who underwent voluntary health screening at Seoul National University Hospital between March of 1995 and May of 2006 with baseline GFR$60 ml/min per 1.73 m 2 were followed up for mortality until December 31, 2012. GFR was estimated with the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration creatinine equation, and RHF was defined as GFR.95th percentile after adjustment for age, sex, muscle mass, and history of diabetes and/or hypertension medication.Muscle mass was measured with bioimpedance analysis at baseline. During the median follow-up of 12.4 years, 1743 deaths occurred. The odds ratio of RHF in participants with the highest quartile of muscle mass was 1.31 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.11 to 1.54) compared with the lowest quartile after adjusting for confounding factors, including body mass index. The hazard ratio of all-cause mortality for RHF was 1.37 (95% CI, 1.11 to 1.70) by Cox proportional hazards model with adjustment for known risk factors, including smoking. These data suggest RHF may be associated with increased all-cause mortality in an apparently healthy population. The possibility of RHF as a novel marker of all-cause mortality should be confirmed. Although CKD is a well known risk factor for all-cause or cardiovascular mortality, 1 the clinical consequences of an abnormally high GFR or renal hyperfiltration (RHF) have not been adequately evaluated. On the basis of several cross-sectional studies, RHF is known to be associated with various medical conditions, such as diabetes, 2,3 hypertension, 4 obesity, 5 prehypertension, and prediabetes, 6 as well as lifestyle factors, such as smoking, 7 lack of physical activity, 8 and low aerobic fitness. 9 Although these conditions are well known risk factors for early mortality, 10 the clinical implications of RHF remain unclear.Several cohort studies and meta-analyses have reported a J-shaped association between GFR and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. However, the increased mortality associated with a higher GFR was commonly regarded as an overestimation of GFR because of muscle wasting in a high-risk group. [11][12][13][14][15][16][17] The disappearance of the J-shaped association between GFR and mortality within a younger age group in the higher GFR range is considered as supporting evidence for the overestimation of the true GFR

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Preoperative EUS for the locoregional staging of esophageal cancer provides excellent T staging accuracy and similar accuracy for N staging compared with PET and CT. Especially in T staging, EUS could play an important role in the choice of candidates for esophageal cancer surgery.

Flexible inorganic-based micro light-emitting diodes (µLEDs) are emerging as a significant technology for flexible displays, which is an important area for bilateral visual communication in the upcoming Internet of Things era. Conventional flexible lateral µLEDs have been investigated by several researchers, but still have significant issues of power consumption, thermal stability, lifetime, and light-extraction efficiency on plastics. Here, high-performance flexible vertical GaN light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are demonstrated by silver nanowire networks and monolithic fabrication. Transparent, ultrathin GaN LED arrays adhere to a human fingernail and stably glow without any mechanical deformation. Experimental studies provide outstanding characteristics of the flexible vertical μLEDs (f-VLEDs) with high optical power (30 mW mm ), long lifetime (≈12 years), and good thermal/mechanical stability (100 000 bending/unbending cycles). The wireless light-emitting system on the human skin is successfully realized by transferring the electrical power f-VLED. Finally, the high-density GaN f-VLED arrays are inserted onto a living mouse cortex and operated without significant histological damage of brain.

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