This paper examines the effectiveness of South Korea’s policy for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in office buildings and evaluates if national targets can be met. A sample of office buildings was categorized into two groups—conventional (Group A) and new (Group B)—based on when their construction was approved. Furthermore, data regarding the three design elements of the building envelope, that is building form, window systems, and U-values were collected. By statistically processing data of each element, reference building models were developed and a case study was conducted for each building. Design changes that were incorporated, keeping in mind the GHG reduction policy, showed 13.1% of saving energy in case 8 (reference building of Group B) than case 1 (reference building of Group A). The savings in case 8 were more than the average GHG reduction rate (12.8%) compared to business as usual (BAU). However, case 4 (a conventional (Group A) building form with new (Group B) window systems and U-values) achieved the greatest savings in building loads. The policy to enhance insulation in new buildings to reduce GHG emissions in the building sector has prompted changes in building forms and window systems and has reduced emissions by 10%, that is 3% more than the expected value. Thus, new innovations in building envelope design could achieve an average 12.8% reduction in emissions in buildings.
This paper proposes a flexible modeling approach to develop a theoretical reference building (RB) for energy analysis. We designed an RB for five non-residential buildings, using dynamic simulation from statistically analyzed data of building stock in South Korea. For modeling, four subsets of data—form, envelope, system, and operation—were assessed. This study uses the autosizing function within EnergyPlus, to develop the RB. The proposed approach allows for a flexible design where capacities and flow rates of the heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system match the newly defined RB model. This approach would be ideal for closing the gap between the architectural data and equipment elements. The RB developed in this study allows for performing energy performance analysis by end-use. The analysis results by the end-use can provide support for country-level greenhouse gas (GHG)-mitigation-strategy development.
To implement smart livestock operations based on information and communication technology, a field monitoring environment based on measured data must be established. Ammonia should be managed more carefully than other environmental monitoring items because it is related to the comfort and production of livestock. Moreover, it is related to odor complaints and environmental protection issues. However, existing studies that propose ammonia measurement standards for each purpose differ from one another or are unclear, and ammonia sensors in the actual field have problems such as durability and management constraints; nonetheless, there is a lack of research on these aspects. Accordingly, for effective ammonia monitoring of smart livestock operations, the necessity of ammonia monitoring for smart livestock operations is first presented, after which a plan for ammonia monitoring of smart livestock operations, supplemented with sensor specifications and maintenance standards, is proposed. This study presents a clear measurement standard based on a comprehensive literature review, as well as an effective monitoring standard reflecting field operation information. This can lead to reliable ammonia data collection and can be a starting point for smooth smart livestock operation.
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