The internal rearing environment of livestock houses has become an important issue in the last few years due to the rapid increase in meat consumption. As the number of days of heat waves increase continuously, problems caused by abnormal weather changes steadily occurred. Thus, the main goal of this study is to develop a technology that can automatically calculate heat stress for livestock by considering weather forecast data. Specifically, a web-based heat stress forecasting system for the evaluation of heat stress in broilers was developed. The field experiments were carried out at the selected broiler house to measure and analyze the external weather, the internal environment, and the ventilation flow rate of fans used in tunnel ventilation. The developed model was validated by comparing the field and simulated thermal environment values. Based on a reliable model, Land-Atmosphere Modeling Package (LAMP) weather forecast data was used to show the stress index on the internal rearing environment with a heat stress index suitable for South Korea. When the users input the farm location, structure and equipment, and rearing information, users responded after receiving heat stress from the broiler raised in a mechanically ventilated broiler house.
Background This pilot study aimed to investigate the effects of developing scenario learning (DSL) on team efficacy, systems thinking, and proactivity in problem-solving in a fundamental nursing course. Methods A total of 53 second-year nursing students were enrolled in the study; the DSL nursing education program was implemented for 15 weeks from March 4 to June 17, 2021. Data on team efficacy, systems thinking, and proactivity in problem-solving were measured before and after the DSL-based nursing education program. The collected data were analyzed using the IBM SPSS Statistics version 22.0. Results The results demonstrated that nursing students’ team efficacy (t = − 8.228, p < .001, Cohen’s d = 1.079), systems thinking (t = − 9.757, p < .001, Cohen’s d = .731), and proactivity in problem-solving (t = − 8.635, p < .001, Cohen’s d = .992) significantly increased after the program. Conclusions The findings of this study can contribute to the development of nursing competency in nursing students without experience in nursing practicum. The authors recommend incorporating DSL in the nursing curriculum to promote early adaptation in clinical settings.
This study investigated the regulatory mechanism controlling fruit maturity, focusing on sugar metabolism during pear fruit development and ripening. Three Asian pear cultivars, 'Wonhwang' (early-maturity), 'Whangkeumbae' (early-maturity), and 'Niitaka' (late-maturity), were selected. Absolute growth rate was the highest at 117 days after full bloom (DAFB) in early-maturing cultivars, 'Wonhwang' and 'Whangkeumbae', and at 147 DAFB in the late-maturing cultivar, 'Niitaka'. Hexose (glucose and fructose) content was relatively higher in 'Wonhwang' and 'Whangkeumbae' than in 'Niitaka' during the early stage of fruit development, concomitant with an increase in the activities of cell wall invertase (CWINV), vacuolar invertase (VINV), and neutral invertase (NINV). During the late stage of fruit development, sucrose content and the sucrose-to-hexose ratio were relatively higher in 'Wonhwang' and 'Whangkeumbae' than in 'Niitaka', accompanied by an increase of sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) activity involved in sucrose re-synthesis. Principal component analysis (PCA) distinctly separated the fruit development into two parts, showing a shift in the early to late stage of fruit development, consistent with the point when the sucrose-to-hexose ratio began to increase. During the late stage of fruit development and ripening, the sucrose-to-hexose ratio was positively correlated with fresh weight, CWINV, and SPS activities and negatively correlated with starch or NINV and VINV activities. These results indicate that the sucrose-to-hexose ratio is an important factor in regulating fruit maturity and is modulated by invertases and SPS activities.
In this study, the internal environment such as the air temperature, humidity, and wall temperature of the underground utility tunnel, was analyzed. The current status and problems of the air conditioning system were examined by analyzing the capacity of the exhaust fan and the air velocity inside the utility tunnel. The field experiment showed that the utility tunnel has a relative humidity of 95% or higher for most sections during summer. The deviation of the internal air temperature was about 4 ℃ depending on the section, and the dew condensation occurred. However, most of the exhaust fans has a capacity below the standard minimum air velocity of 2.5m•s -1 . In particular, in the section where dew condensation occurred, the air velocity was 0.26 to 0.97 m•s -1 , indicating the presence of stagnant air inside the facility. Therefore, this study attempted to minimize dew condensation by calculating the proper exhaust fan capacity using computational fluid dynamics and installing circulation fans and duct systems in the section where the dew condensation occurred. As a result, when a circulation fan was installed, it was possible to increase the air velocity inside the utility tunnel, and the relative humidity could be reduced by about 78%. By installing a duct, the direct supply of external air or the discharge of internal humid air was simulated for the section where dew condensation occurred. The result showed that the relative humidity could be reduced by about 78% when the duct system was operated in the intake direction. INDEX TERMSCondensation, CFD, Circulation fan, Duct, Ventilation, Underground utility tunnel I. INTRODUCTION A. THE CONCEPT AND CURRENT STATUS OF THE UNDERGROUND UTILITY TUNNELAn underground utility tunnel is a structure that accommodates and supplies two or more types of urban lifelines such as pipelines for electricity, gas, water supply, telecommunication, and sewage. In addition, it is a facility installed underground to improve the aesthetics, preservation of road structures, and smooth flow of traffic, especially in urban areas [1]. If a single pipeline for each electricity, gas, and water is constructed in underground, the increased cost due to construction work and the formation of a complex underground structure network can cause problems in the This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Access.
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