Locked nucleic acids (LNAs) containing one or more 2'-O,4'-C-methylene-linked bicyclic ribonucleoside monomers possess a number of the prerequisites of an effective antisense oligonucleotide, e.g. unprecedented helical thermostability when hybridized with cognate RNA and DNA. To acquire a detailed understanding of the structural features of LNA giving rise to its remarkable properties, we have conducted structural studies by use of NMR spectroscopy and now report high-resolution structures of two LNA:RNA hybrids, the LNA strands being d(5'-CTGAT(L)ATGC-3') and d(5'-CT(L)GAT(L)AT(L)GC-3'), respectively, T(L) denoting a modified LNA monomer with a thymine base, along with the unmodified DNA:RNA hybrid. In the structures, the LNA nucleotides are positioned as to partake in base stacking and Watson-Crick base pairing, and with the inclusion of LNA nucleotides, we observe a progressive change in duplex geometry toward an A-like duplex structure. As such, with the inclusion of three LNA nucleotides, the hybrid adopts an almost canonical A-type duplex geometry, and thus it appears that the number of modifications has reached a saturation level with respect to structural changes, and that further incorporations would furnish only minute changes in the duplex structure. We attempt to rationalize the conformational steering induced by the LNA nucleotides by suggesting that the change in electronic density at the brim of the minor groove, introduced by the LNA modification, is causing an alteration of the pseudorotational profile of the 3'-flanking nucleotide, thus shifting this sugar equilibrium toward N-type conformation.

We have used two-dimensional 1H NMR spectroscopy to determine the solution structure of the DNA oligonucleotide d(5'-CGCTAGCG-3')2 complexed with the bis-intercalating dye 1,1'-(4,4,8,8-tetramethyl-4,8-diazaundecamethylene)bis[4-(3-methyl -2,3- dihydrobenzo-1,3-thiazolyl-2-methylidene)qui nolinium] tetraiodide (TOTO). The determination of the structure was based on total relaxation matrix analysis of the NOESY cross-peak intensities using the program MARDIGRAS. Improved procedures to consider the experimental "noise" in NOESY spectra during these calculations have been employed. The NOE-derived distance restraints were applied in restrained molecular dynamics calculations. Twenty final structures each were generated for the TOTO complex from both A-form and B-form dsDNA starting structures. The root-mean-square (rms) deviation of the coordinates for the 40 structures of the complex was 1.45 A. The local DNA structure is distorted in the complex. The helix is unwound by 60 degrees and has an overall helical repeat of 12 base pairs, caused by bis-intercalation of TOTO. The poly(propylenamine) linker chain is located in the minor groove of dsDNA. Calculations indicate that the benzothiazole ring system is twisted relative to the quinoline in the uncomplexed TOTO molecule. The site selectivity of TOTO for the CTAG-CTAG site is explained by its ability to adapt to the base pair propeller twist of dsDNA to optimize stacking and the hydrophobic interaction between the thymidine methyl group and the benzothiazole ring. There is a 3000-fold fluorescence enhancement upon binding of TOTO to dsDNA. Rotation about the cyanine methine bonds is possible in free TOTO, allowing relaxation nonradiatively. When bound to dsDNA, the benzothiazole ring and the quinolinium ring are clamped by the nucleobases preventing this rotation, and the chromophore loses excitation energy by fluorescence instead.

We have used 2D NMR spectroscopy to study the sugar conformations of oligonucleotides containing a conformationally restricted nucleotide (LNA) with a 2'-O, 4'-C-methylene bridge. We have investigated a modified 9-mer single stranded oligonucleotide as well as three 9- and 10-mer modified oligonucleotides hybridized to unmodified DNA. The single-stranded LNA contained three modifications whereas the duplexes contained one, three and four modifications, respectively. The LNA:DNA duplexes have normal Watson-Crick base-pairing with all the nucleotides in anti-conformation. By use of selective DQF-COSY spectra we determined the ratio between the N-type (C3'-endo) and S-type (C2'-endo) sugar conformations of the nucleotides. In contrast to the corresponding single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), we found that the sugar conformations of the single-stranded LNA oligonucleotide (ssLNA) cannot be described by a major S-type conformer of all the nucleotides. The nucleotides flanking an LNA nucleotide have sugar conformations with a significant population of the N-type conformer. Similarly, the sugar conformations of the nucleotides in the LNA:DNA duplexes flanking a modification were also shown to have significant contributions from the N-type conformation. In all cases, the sugar conformations of the nucleotides in the complementary DNA strand in the duplex remain in the S-type conformation. We found that the locked conformation of the LNA nucleotides both in ssLNA and in the duplexes organize the phosphate backbone in such a way as to introduce higher population of the N-type conformation. These conformational changes are associated with an improved stacking of the nucleobases. Based on the results reported herein, we propose that the exceptional stability of the LNA modified duplexes is caused by a quenching of concerted local backbone motions (preorganization) by the LNA nucleotides in ssLNA so as to decrease the entropy loss on duplex formation combined with a more efficient stacking of the nucleobases.

LNA is a bicyclic nucleic acid analogue that contains one or more 2'-O,4'-C methylene linkage(s), which effectively locks the furanose ring in a C3'-endo conformation. We report here the NMR solution structure of a nonamer LNA:RNA hybrid and a structural characterization of a nonamer LNA:DNA hybrid, where the LNA strands are composed entirely of LNA nucleotides. This is the first structural characterization of fully modified LNA oligonucleotides. The high-resolution structure reveals that the LNA:RNA hybrid adopts an almost canonical A-type duplex morphology. The helix axis is almost straight and the duplex geometry is regular. This shows that fully modified LNA oligomers can hybridize with complementary RNA and form duplexes within the Watson-Crick framework. The LNA:DNA hybrid structurally resembles an RNA:DNA hybrid as shown by determination of deoxyribose sugar puckers and analysis of NOESY NMR spectra.

The complexation between a number of different pi-electron donating TTF derivatives and the pi-electron accepting tetracationic cyclophane cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) (CBPQT(4+)) has been studied by (1)H NMR and UV-vis spectroscopy. The results demonstrate that the strength of association between the donors (TTF derivatives) and acceptor (CBPQT(4+)) is strongly dependent on the pi-electron donating properties (measured by the first redox potential ) of the TTF derivatives. However, the first redox potential () is not the only factor of importance. The extended pi-surface of the TTF derivatives also exerts a stabilizing influence upon complexation. The kinetics for the complexation-decomplexation were studied using (1)H NMR spectroscopy and are related to the bulkiness of the TTF derivatives. These effects may serve to improve the design of interlocked molecular systems, especially (bistable) molecular switches, in which CBPQT(4+) and a derivatized TTF unit are incorporated.

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We have used one and two dimensional 1H NMR spectroscopy to characterize the binding of a homodimeric thiazole orange dye, 1,1'-(4,4,8,8-tetramethyl-4,8-diaza-undecamethylene)-bis-4- (3-methyl-2,3-dihydro-(benzo-1,3-thiazole)-2-methylidene)-quinolin ium tetraiodide (TOTO), to various double stranded DNA oligonucleotides. TOTO binds strongly to all the oligonucleotides used, but usually more than one complex is observed and exchange between different binding sites broadens the lines in the NMR spectra. Complete precipitation occurs when TOTO is bound to small oligonucleotides. Binding to larger oligonucleotides occurs by bis-intercalation. The 1:1 complex of TOTO with the oligonucleotide d(CCGACTGATGC):d (GCATCAGTCGG) gave only one complex that was shown to be a bis-intercalation in the CTGA:TCAG binding site. The binding to this site was also characterized by studying the TOTO complex with the d(CCGCTGAGC):d(GCTCAGCGG) oligonucleotide. NOE connectivities and molecular modelling were used to characterize the complex. The 1:1 complex of TOTO with the oligonucleotide d(CCGCTAGCG):d(CGCTAGCGG) containing a CTAG:CTAG binding site was similarly characterized by NMR. It was concluded that the binding of TOTO to larger oligonucleotides is site selective with CTAG:CTAG as the preferred binding site.

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