Motorised mobility is evolving with the introduction of driving automation. The transition from driver to passenger requires a renewed focus on passengers and their needs while travelling, making passenger well-being a highly interesting concept to investigate. However, as of yet, it is unclear how passenger well-being may be operationalised, and which factors may contribute to passenger well-being in this domain. An exploratory study (n = 40) indicated that passenger well-being can be understood as current subjective well-being and that it can be measured reliably using self-reported measures. Further, multiple regression analyses showed that depending on how well the individual preferences are met by the vehicle interior, passenger well-being is either predicted by perceived safety, aesthetics and symbolism (preferences met) or by physical well-being and distrust (preferences not met).

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The advent of automated driving is a global trend. It is likely that views on what will make an automated vehicle trustworthy, comfortable, usable, and enhance passengers’ well-being while driving will differ between markets. Therefore, we conducted an expert survey ( n = 28) to identify cultural-specific design requirements of Level 4 automated vehicles for China, Germany, and the United States. Our results indicate a tendency toward hedonic vehicle design in China and pragmatic design in Germany. United States lies between these two markets. The results imply that car manufacturers can influence passengers’ well-being through vehicle design and, in turn, increase acceptance of automated vehicles.

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