Classic plant breeding, based on the selection of superior individuals and directed crosses, led to the need-to-know aspects of the floral biology of cowpea beans. The research was carried out at the Universidad de Córdoba, Colombia, through two experiments: in the first, stigmatic receptivity was evaluated as response time to hydrogen peroxide, under a randomized complete block design, with a 3×4 factorial arrangement (three genotypes: Caupicor 50, Missouri and BRS Milenium, and at four hours of the day: 7:00 and 9:00 AM; 3:00 and 5:00 PM) and three replications. In the second, the percentage of viable crosses was evaluated, under a randomized complete block design, with a 2×2 factorial arrangement (two crosses: Missouri × IT86 and Missouri × BRS Milenium, and two methods: 1 (morning) and 2 (afternoon), and four replications. The greatest stigmatic receptivity was recorded in the BRS Milenium and Missouri genotypes with a time of 3.28±0.07 and 2.01±0.12 min at 7:00 and 9:00 AM, while Caupicor 50, time of 1.80±0.09 min at 3:00 PM. The artificial hybridizations carried out in the morning (method 1) registered the highest viable crosses, 78.6% in Missouri × BRS Milenium and 57.1% in Missouri × IT86. Therefore, artificial hybridizations should be done in the morning due to a more favorable environment for pollen grain germination, given the greater stigmatic receptivity.
Tamarind (Tamarindus indica) is a fruit tree of African origin cultivated in more than 50 countries, including Colombia, mainly in the Colombian Caribbean departments, where its harvest generates significant income in rural communities. Its establishment presents a difficulty because the sexual seed presents physical dormancy and poor germination. The objective of this study was to evaluate Tamarind seed viability by using the tetrazolium test and to reduce the time needed for the determination of its physiological quality. Ripe and healthy fruits were collected from patio trees, from which their seeds were extracted, disinfected with 1% sodium hypochlorite, and washed with plenty of water before use. Subsequently, they were scarified with No. 100 sandpaper by the edges, except in the area of the micropyle. The completely random design was used in a 3x3 bifactorial arrangement, with four repetitions. The first factor, tetrazolium concentration (%), was tested at levels of 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00%, and the second factor, immersion time, at 2, 4, and 6 hours. The analysis of variance did not show significance for the tetrazolium concentration, while it did for the immersion time (p≤0.01), and the tetrazolium-time interaction (p≤0.05). Therefore, the concentration of 0.50% tetrazolium for six hours of immersion is a reliable alternative to determine the physiological quality of tamarind seeds compared to conventional germination testing due to its low cost and execution time. Likewise, the percentages of germination and germination speed index were higher when the seed was scarified with sandpaper than the conventional method.
La semilla de tamarindo (T. indica L.) presenta baja tasa de germinación debido a la dureza de la cubierta o cierto grado de impermeabilidad de esta, que limita imbibición y la protrusión uniforme de la radícula, lo cual conduce a la formación de plántulas con desigual crecimiento y desarrollo en los viveros. El objetivo de estudio fue identificar alternativas económicas y amigables con el ambiente, que permitan una germinación rápida con el fin de romper la dormancia. Para el estudio, se midieron las características morfométricas de 100 semillas de frutos colectados en el área de Montería, bajo un diseño de bloque completos al azar con cinco tratamientos y cinco repeticiones; cada unidad experimental estuvo conformada por 20 semillas. Los datos mostraron que las semillas son variables en su morfología, especialmente la longitud, ancho y espesor de la semilla. El tratamiento en agua caliente no promovió la germinación de la semilla. La inmersión de las semillas durante 24 horas en estiércol y orina de bovino, permitió la germinación en 11,40 y 11,80 días, con respecto al testigo, con registros de emergencia de 81,0% y 84,0%, respectivamente.
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