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This report examines what is involved when a speaker overtly selects one formulation over another by employing a repair operation that reformulates a reference in a way that adjusts or recalibrates it, rather than abandons the original referent altogether. Focusing primarily on references to persons, we show that, beyond the narrowing of a reference-increasing its precision-that results in an improved fit between a person reference and other components of a turn at talk, these reference recalibration repairs can be used to do such things as meeting the requirements of a story's telling, upgrading the credibility of an information source, and justifying a rejection. This ties speakers' overt concern with calibrating a categorical reference to the formation of action in their turn at talk. By contrast, we then show how broadening a reference-decreasing its precision-can be used as a method for displaying uncertainty and, thereby, recalibrating a reference to fit the manifest knowledge state of the speaker (or a recipient).

Prior conversation analytic research has demonstrated that when, following a sequence-initiating action, a response is relevantly missing (or is forthcoming but is apparently inadequate), speakers may use a range of practices for pursuing a response (or a more adequate response). These practices--such as response prompts, preference reversals, or turn extensions-treat the missing (or inadequate) response as indicative of some problem, and they may either expose or mask the response pursuit and the problem they attempt to remediate. This article extends this prior research by showing that speakers can also use repair technology-specifically, repair of an indexical reference-as a resource for pursuing a response. It demonstrates that speakers can use repair of indexicals, particularly when no uncertainty as to the referent seems possible, in order to pursue a response while obscuring some other possible source of trouble. Initiating repair on an indexical reference in transition space claims that a missing response is due to a problem of understanding or of recognizing the reference, and by repairing it, the speaker makes available another opportunity for a response without exposing recipient disinclination as the possible source of the trouble. Likewise, repairing an indexical reference in the third turn can pursue a more adequate response, while avoiding going on record as doing so, by treating the sequence-initiating turn as the source of the trouble. We show that, by ostensibly dealing with problems of reference, repairs on indexicals manage (covertly) other more interactionally charged issues, such as upcoming disagreement or misalignment between interlocutors.Conversation analytic research on repair has shown that repair practices can accomplish actions beyond managing troubles in speaking, hearing, or understanding: for example, adumbrate disalignment, disaffiliation, or disagreement (e