How should a leader express his/her wish, or intent, to avoid misinterpretation so the subordinates know what he/she wants them to do? Two experiments were conducted to investigate how intent, expressed in terms of effects or capabilities, is interpreted. A number of staffs produced products and answered questions about the interpretation of the intent. In the first experiment the results show that the staffs who receive intent expressed in terms of effects produce better products and have a better understanding of the intent than the staffs that get the intent expressed in terms of capabilities. In the second experiment the intent expressed in terms of effects was purposely written less clearly than the intent expressed in terms of capabilities. The results show no difference between the produced products and the staffs' understanding of the intent. This indicates that it is not just a matter of clarity.
Decision makers in complex environments have a difficult task and researchers all over the world try to develop different decision aids to support them. This paper presents a study where a research platform with a combined 2D-and 3D-tool was used as a decision aid during two Military Operation in Urban Terrain exercises. Blue Force Tracking was used on some vehicles and soldiers to monitor their movements. The purpose of the study was to investigate if 3D visualization and distributed information in a C2 system, including Blue Force Tracking (BFT), gives the commander better SA. The results show that the commanders found the decision aid and the BFT very useful. The system enabled good SA and a shared awareness of what was going on in the battlefield. 2D was used 80% of the time and 3D was used for specific tasks where detailed information was needed to improve SA.
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