Microstructured transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) have shown great potential as photonic electrodes in photovoltaic (PV) applications, providing both optical and electrical improvements in the solar cells’ performance due to: (1) strong light trapping effects that enhance broadband light absorption in PV material and (2) the reduced sheet resistance of the front illuminated contact. This work developed a method for the fabrication and optimization of wavelength-sized indium zinc oxide (IZO) microstructures, which were soft-patterned on flexible indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) substrates via a simple, low-cost, versatile, and highly scalable colloidal lithography process. Using this method, the ITO-coated PET substrates patterned with IZO micro-meshes provided improved transparent electrodes endowed with strong light interaction effects—namely, a pronounced light scattering performance (diffuse transmittance up to ~50%). In addition, the photonic-structured IZO mesh allowed a higher volume of TCO material in the electrode while maintaining the desired transparency, which led to a sheet resistance reduction (by ~30%), thereby providing further electrical benefits due to the improvement of the contact conductance. The results reported herein pave the way for a new class of photonic transparent electrodes endowed with mechanical flexibility that offer strong potential not only as advanced front contacts for thin-film bendable solar cells but also for a much broader range of optoelectronic applications.
Advanced light management via front‐coated photonic nanostructures is a promising strategy to enhance photovoltaic (PV) efficiency through wave‐optical light‐trapping (LT) effects, avoiding the conventional texturing processes that induce the degradation of electrical performance due to increased carrier recombination. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) honeycomb arrays with different geometry are engineered through a highly‐scalable colloidal lithography method on flat crystalline silicon (c‐Si) wafers and tested on standard planar c‐Si interdigitated back‐contact solar cells (pIBCSCs). The photonic‐structured wafers achieve an optical photocurrent of 36.6 mA cm−2, mainly due to a broad anti‐reflection effect from the 693 nm thick nanostructured coatings. In contrast, the pIBCSC test devices reach 14% efficiency with 679 nm thick TiO2 nanostructures, corresponding to a ≈30% efficiency gain relative to uncoated pIBCSCs. In addition, several designed structures show unmatched angular acceptance enhancements in efficiency (up to 63% gain) and photocurrent density (up to 68% gain). The high‐performing (yet electrically harmless) LT scheme, here presented, entails an up‐and‐coming alternative to conventional texturing for c‐Si technological improvement that can be straightforwardly integrated into the established PV industry.
Advanced light management via front-coated photonic nanostructures is a promising strategy to enhance photovoltaic efficiency through wave-optical light-trapping effects, avoiding the conventional texturing processes that induce the degradation of electrical performance due to increased carrier recombination. Here, TiO2 honeycomb arrays with different geometry were engineered through a highly-scalable colloidal lithography method on flat crystalline silicon (c-Si) wafers and tested on standard planar c-Si interdigitated back-contact solar cells (pIBCSCs). The photonic-structured wafers achieved an optical photocurrent of 36.6 mA/cm2, mainly due to a broad anti-reflection effect arising from the 693 nm thick nanostructured coatings; whereas the pIBCSC test devices reached 14% efficiency with 705 nm thick TiO2 nanostructures, which corresponds to ~30% efficiency gain relative to uncoated pIBCSCs. In addition, several designed structures showed unmatched angular acceptance enhancements in efficiency (up to 63% gain) and photocurrent density (up to 68% gain). The high-performing (yet electrically harmless) light-trapping scheme, here presented, entails a highly promising alternative to conventional texturing for c-Si technological improvement, with straightforward integration in the established photovoltaic industry.
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