In the present study, we revised and expanded the basic model proposed in our previous study to better deal with equity issues in highway investment planning. The issues cover horizontal ͑intraregional͒ and vertical ͑interre-gional͒ equity of the accessibility or travel cost for cities as well as the equity of budget allocation among the cities. In this study, more constraints and decision variables were added to the model to handle the exclusive and complementary properties among alternatives. In addition, adjustments for travel cost measures and objective functions are proposed to justify the horizontal and vertical equity. The revised multiobjective model is estimated by fuzzy programming for the highway system in Taiwan. Our results indicate that the model is practical and effective for acquiring reasonable solutions for the goal of efficiency and equity in highway investment planning.
Theses and dissertations underpinning a university's academic performance may not really reflect the actual knowledge flows. It is the informal networks that have played a critical role in getting important work done in universities. In order to better understand the knowledge flow through these informal networks, knowledge maps can be developed to illustrate the actual knowledge flows. Social network analysis is a technique that can be applied in building knowledge maps and can help analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the networks effectively. This paper provides a case study to illustrate the application of social network analysis to develop ITS knowledge maps for 10 universities in Taiwan. Borrowing and adapting techniques from other disciplines, such as social network analysis, needs to be done to push the new frontiers of ITS knowledge management.
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