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Texts, even sacred texts, are never fixed. Meaning is never stable and interpretations shift in concert with the changing concerns of those who present them. These principles are readily demonstrated by a consideration of the complex history of the pericope adulterae—a story about Jesus, an adulteress, and a group of interlocutors found in the Gospel of John. This story is absent from many early gospel manuscripts and is remarkably unstable when it does appear. There are a few second- and third-century citations of the tale, but they do not mention the identity or motives of the interlocutors, nor do they specify the guilt (or innocence) of the woman or the men who accused her. By contrast, fourth- and fifth-century exegetes regularly suggested that the interlocutors sought to test Jesus, represented the woman as guilty, and claimed that "the Jews" were damned for their sins, readings that were preserved in gospel manuscripts. The pericope adulterae, increasingly invoked to produce Christian hegemony at the expense of "the Jews," real or imagined, became a story about Jewish sin and Christian difference. This interpretation then influence the transmission of the tale, though traces of earlier readings lingered.
As an institution, marriage legislates and enforces the dissemination and protection of property, sorting between the categories “legitimate” and “illegitimate.” Instructions regarding marriage, adultery, and divorce in various New Testament books confirm these general insights; though a majority of the writers recommend celibacy and singleness over the formation of households, the role of marriage in distributing property, cementing genealogical connections, and promoting honor and status was taken for granted. Conversant with contemporary marriage customs as well as with Septuagint metaphors and legal proscriptions, the New Testament writers presented their teachings on marriage, adultery, and divorce as distinctive and yet traditional. Even so, their presentations of Jesus’s teachings and God’s purposes did not necessarily agree. New Testament books reveal a lively internal discussion about the implications of faith in Jesus for household arrangements, inheritance rights, sexual practices, and kinship.
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