The diagnosis of systemic candidiasis in ill high-risk neonates is often delayed as there are no specific clinical features and the significance of positive cultures for Candida species may be uncertain. Early diagnosis and treatment is essential to reduce mortality and may be aided by ultrasound examin~tion of the commonly involved organs -the brain and kidneys. In this paper we describe 2 cases where the diagnosis was first raised following ultrasound examination, and review the spectrum of abnormalities seen on renal and cranial ultrasound examination. We emphasise the importance of using this imaging technique in the high-risk neonate in initiating earlier diagnosis and treatment, or in establishing the significance or otherwise of positive cultures.
Observations on the urogenital tract were made radiologically in six rams. Contrast medium was first introduced to the urethra or vas deferens before electrical stimulation was applied per rectum and later to the vas during a series of stimuli to induce ejaculation.Without stimulation, contrast medium reaching the pelvic urethra from either the penile urethra or the ampulla was generally expelled in a retrograde manner to the bladder, while residual material in the penile urethra was voided.Ejaculation took place only during pauses between stimuli, fluid being discharged from the ampulla straight through into the penile urethra. This main discharge was followed by some reflux of fluid from the pelvic urethra to the bladder. At rest, no fluid remained in either the pelvic or the penile urethra.
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