Simple-sequence repeats (SSRs) have increasingly become the marker of choice for population genetic analyses. Unfortunately, the development of traditional 'anonymous' SSRs from genomic DNA is costly and time-consuming. These problems are further compounded by a paucity of resources in taxa that lack clear economic importance. However, the advent of the genomics age has resulted in the production of vast amounts of publicly available DNA sequence data, including large collections of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from a variety of different taxa. Recent research has revealed that ESTs are a potentially rich source of SSRs that reveal polymorphisms not only within the source taxon, but in related taxa, as well. In this paper, we review what is known about the transferability of EST-SSRs from one taxon to another with particular reference to the potential of these markers to facilitate population genetic studies. As an example of the utility of these resources, we then cross-reference existing EST databases against lists of rare, endangered and invasive plant species and conclude that half of all suitable EST databases could be exploited for the population genetic analysis of species of conservation concern. We then discuss the advantages and disadvantages of EST-SSRs in the context of population genetic applications.

Expressed sequence tag (EST) databases represent a potentially valuable resource for the development of molecular markers for use in evolutionary studies. Because EST-derived markers come from transcribed regions of the genome, they are likely to be conserved across a broader taxonomic range than are other sorts of markers. This paper describes a case study in which the publicly available cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus) EST database was used to develop simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers for use in the genetic analysis of a rare sunflower species, Helianthus verticillatus, as well as the more widespread Helianthus angustifolius. EST-derived SSRs were found to be more than 3 times as transferable across species as compared with anonymous SSRs (73% vs. 21%, respectively). Moreover, EST-SSRs whose primers were located within protein-coding sequence were more readily transferable than those derived from untranslated regions, and the former loci were no less variable than the latter. The utility of existing EST databases as a means for facilitating population genetic analyses in plants was further explored by cross-referencing publicly available EST resources against available lists of rare or invasive flowering plant taxa. This survey revealed that more than one-third of all plant-derived EST collections of sufficient size could conceivably serve as a source of EST-SSRs for the analysis of rare, endangered, or invasive plant species worldwide.

A variety of questions in population and evolutionary biology are studied using chloroplast DNA (cpDNA). The presumed maternal inheritance in angiosperms allows for certain assumptions and calculations to be made when studying plant hybridization, phylogeography, molecular systematics and seed dispersal. Further, the placement of transgenes in the chloroplast to lessen the probability of 'escape' to weedy relatives has been proposed since such genes would not move through pollen. In many studies, however, strict maternal inheritance is assumed but not tested directly, and some studies may have sample sizes too small to be able to detect rare paternal leakage. Here, we study the inheritance of cpDNA simple sequence repeats in 323 offspring derived from greenhouse crosses of the rare sunflower Helianthus verticillatus Small. We found evidence for rare chloroplast paternal leakage and heteroplasmy in 1.86% of the offspring. We address the question of whether one can extrapolate the mode of chloroplast transmission within a genus by comparing our results to the findings of another sunflower species study. The findings of occasional paternal transmission of the chloroplast genome are discussed in the framework of using these markers in studies of population and evolutionary biology both in Helianthus and other angiosperms.

The impact of intergenic recombination on the population genetics of plant mitochondrial genomes is unknown. In an effort to study this in the gynodioecious plant Silene vulgaris three-locus PCR/RFLP genotypes (based on the mitochondrial genes atpA, cox1, and Thus, population structure acts as a constraint on the approach to linkage equilibrium.

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Representations of war in the media have changed drastically over time. Like the media representations of war, the American public's view of wars has also shifted over time; this is often a result of the media portrayals of war events. This paper examines the role of newspaper, yellow journalism, and sensationalism writing during the Spanish-American War on the American public's support for the war and juxtaposes this with television media accounts of the American war in Vietnam and how this created public disapproval for the war. Both had everlasting effects on US war policy for the future.