Five reactions were rate-accelerated relative to the standard reflux workup in both multi-mode and mono-mode microwave ovens, and the results were compared to determine whether the sequential processing of a mono-mode unit could provide for better lab logistics and pedagogy. Conditions were optimized so that yields matched in both types of microwave ovens for a Diels−Alder cycloaddition, Wittig salt formation, Fischer esterifications, an E2 alkyne formation, and Williamson ether synthesis. Typically, a 10-fold rate acceleration was observed under mono-mode heating versus multi-mode heating, reducing the total run-time between 1.5 and 3.0 min per sample, which rivals the batch run-time of a multi-mode unit in ∼16 student lab sections. Thus, the mono-mode microwave oven required a similar quantity of total reaction time in the lab, allowing students to run their experiments individually with less wait-time, competition for chemicals, equipment, and instrumentation and to complete the experiments in the lab period.
ii I am fortunate to have so many people to thank. I truly would not be here, having written all of the pages before you if it weren't for the huge amounts of love and support that I have received from so many along the way. Most of the people listed in this section know that I have a difficult time expressing my feelings. I will attempt to overcome that difficulty here and hopefully give a small amount of something back to all those who have contributed so much to me. I know that I will not do justice to the feelings that I have, but will try my best to express them here. With that in mind, know that as you read on that this was the most difficult, and time consuming part of my thesis to write. It is because I have been fortunate enough to come into contact with a great many wonderful people that any of the subsequent chapters exist; so to say that these acknowledgements are the foundation of my thesis would be an understatement. So here we go. I will start with those who have supported me from the start, my parents. My parents have always encouraged, nurtured, loved and supported me in any venture that I have undertaken. As teachers, they have shown me the importance of education in so many ways. As their way of life, in their professional lives, and also at home. They always stressed the importance of reading, but also looked to establish education in other less traditional ways. These have included travel, and along the way sparked my love of both history and the outdoors, which have continued to be passions of mine to this day. Through my parents I also learned a great deal about the world around me that was not covered in the classroom curriculum. Learning how to build and fix things from my Dad has been a skill that has helped me countless times throughout life, although it also came with the unfortunate side effect of having to constantly fix the rotovap. My Dad also instilled in me the time and money sinks of boating and woodworking, both of which have given me countless hours of joy, and a means of finding peace at stressful times in my life as an adult. In the classroom my parents taught me to iii appreciate all subjects, which I did (except for English class, I hate grammar as anyone at Dean's writing workshop could tell you). This eventually led me to chemistry, which astonished my parents. I went off to college and pursued chemistry, becoming more interested as classes progressed, although I still could not shake my humanities leaning, and ended up with degrees in both chemistry and history. My parents continued to give me support when I set off for Charlottesville. They helped in my apartment search and moving the large amount of stuff that I had accumulated. They then made several house hunting trips, and we drove circles around Charlottesville and the surrounding counties. When I finally bought my first home in the spring of my first year, they both used nearly all of their vacation time to come down and help me with the seemingly endless remodels. I never could have finished it without them. Al...
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and results in an economic and social burden that is both substantial and increasing. The natural history of COPD is punctuated by exacerbations, which have major short- and long-term implications on the patient and health care system. Evidence-based guidelines stipulate that early detection and prompt treatment of exacerbations are essential to ensure optimal outcomes and to reduce the burden of COPD. In this review, we provide a concise overview of COPD exacerbations and their risk factors and etiology (infection vs noninfectious), outlining the initial evaluation, triaging, and current management including invasive and noninvasive ventilation, in addition to the prognosis and the preventive strategies.
First successfully described in 1967, acute respiratory distress syndrome has since garnered much interest and debate. Extensive studies and clinical trials have been carried out in efforts to address the associated high mortality; however, it remains a significant burden on health care. Despite the heterogeneous etiologies that lead to the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome, this rapidly progressing form of respiratory failure, characterized by severe hypoxemia and nonhydrostatic pulmonary edema, has a recognizable pattern of lung injury. In this chapter, we will review the clinical manifestations, definitions, causes, and a brief overview of the pathophysiology of this complex syndrome.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.