Background and aim: Research has demonstrated that a variety of treatments can reduce or eliminate self-injurious behavior (SIB) in individuals with autism and/or intellectual disabilities but evidence suggests that not all treatments are equally effective. Methods: We used multi-level meta-analysis to synthesize the results of 137 single-case design studies on SIB treatment for 245 individuals with autism and/or intellectual disabilities. Analyses compare the effects of various behavioral and medical treatments for SIB and assess associations between treatment effects and participant-and study-level variables. Results: Findings suggest differential reinforcement, punishment, and treatment packages with reinforcement and punishment components resulted in the largest SIB reductions. Conclusions: Results indicate that overall, treatment for SIB is highly effective and that participant and study characteristics do not moderate treatment effects. Implications: Based on results and in line with current practice recommendations, we encourage use of reinforcementbased procedures in all cases of SIB. In the event that reinforcement-only treatments have failed or if SIB poses a serious, immediate threat to the health and well-being of an individual, our results suggest that overcorrection paired with reinforcement may be the most effective as well as less invasive alternative.

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Human sexuality encompasses aspects of physiology and emotions. The need for sociosexuality education for individuals with developmental disabilities (DD) is widely acknowledged; yet, there is little known about what topics of sexuality are presented. This review identified curricular content used in comprehensive, commercially available sexuality curriculum for individuals with DD. Results indicated that biological aspects such as anatomy and physiology were taught in all the curriculums; however, issues related to culture and society were less frequently present. The need for specific sexuality content is discussed as well as future implications.

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