1996) yielded 3 clusters that represented adaptive perfectionists, maladaptive perfectionists, and nonperfectionists. Maladaptive perfectionist scores were strongly correlated with self-critical depression, but not dependent depression. Adaptive perfectionist scores were correlated with higher self-esteem and greater satisfaction with grade point average (GPA). It was hypothesized that satisfaction with GPA would moderate the relationship between cluster membership and GPA, and that participant gender would moderate the relationship between cluster membership and self-esteem. Neither hypothesis was supported. A comparison of the cluster groups from this sample with those in 2 previous samples (K. G. Rice & R. B. Slaney, 2002) indicated similar scores between clusters. Clinical implications and directions for future research are discussed.

Almost all early discussions of lesbian, gay, or bisexual (LGB) persons assumed that such orientations indicated profound psychopathology. Caprio (1954), for example, considered same-sex orientations to be indicative of deep-seated and unresolved neuroses. Bergler ( 1956) believed that gay men and lesbians suffered from a neurotic disease stemming from their striving for defeat, humiliation, and rejection. Socarides ( 1968) spared no hyperbole when he wrote that being lesbian or gay: is a masquerade of life in which certain psychic energies are neutralized and held in a somewhat quiescent state. However, the unconscious manifestations of hate, destructiveness, incest, and fear are always threatening to break through. Instead of union, cooperation, solace, stimulation, enrichment, healthy challenge, and fulfillment, there are only destruction, mutual defeat, exploitation of the partner and the 309

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