Stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors (beta-AR) induces apoptosis in adult rat ventricular myocytes (ARVMs) via the JNK-dependent activation of mitochondrial death pathway. Recently, we have shown that inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) inhibits beta-AR-stimulated apoptosis and that the apoptotic effects of MMP-2 are possibly mediated via its interaction with beta1 integrins. Herein we tested the hypothesis that MMP-2 impairs beta1 integrin-mediated survival signals, such as activation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), and activates the JNK-dependent mitochondrial death pathway. Inhibition of MMP-2 using SB3CT, a selective gelatinase inhibitor, significantly increased FAK phosphorylation (Tyr-397 and Tyr-576). TIMP-2, tissue inhibitor of MMP-2, produced a similar increase in FAK phosphorylation, whereas treatment of ARVMs with purified active MMP-2 significantly inhibited FAK phosphorylation. Inhibition of MMP-2 using SB3CT inhibited beta-AR-stimulated activation of JNKs and levels of cytosolic cytochrome c. Treatment of ARVMs with purified MMP-2 increased cytosolic cytochrome c release. Furthermore, inhibition of MMP-2 using SB3CT and TIMP-2 attenuated beta-AR-stimulated decreases in mitochondrial membrane potential. Overexpression of beta1 integrins using adenoviruses expressing the human beta1A-integrin decreased beta-AR-stimulated cytochrome c release and apoptosis. Overexpression of beta1 integrins also inhibited apoptosis induced by purified active MMP-2. These data suggest that MMP-2 interferes with the beta1 integrin survival signals and activates JNK-dependent mitochondrial death pathway leading to apoptosis.
SUMMARYHoney bees can form distinct spatiotemporal memories that allow them to return repeatedly to different food sources at different times of day. Although it is becoming increasingly clear that different behavioral states are associated with different profiles of brain gene expression, it is not known whether this relationship extends to states that are as dynamic and specific as those associated with foraging-related spatiotemporal memories. We tested this hypothesis by training different groups of foragers from the same colony to collect sucrose solution from one of two artificial feeders; each feeder was in a different location and had sucrose available at a different time, either in the morning or afternoon. Bees from both training groups were collected at both the morning and afternoon training times to result in one set of bees that was undergoing stereotypical food anticipatory behavior and another that was inactive for each time of day. Between the two groups with the different spatiotemporal memories, microarray analysis revealed that 1329 genes were differentially expressed in the brains of honey bees. Many of these genes also varied with time of day, time of training or state of food anticipation. Some of these genes are known to be involved in a variety of biological processes, including metabolism and behavior. These results indicate that distinct spatiotemporal foraging memories in honey bees are associated with distinct neurogenomic signatures, and the decomposition of these signatures into sets of genes that are also influenced by time or activity state hints at the modular composition of this complex neurogenomic phenotype. Supplementary material available online at
Virtual reality (VR) is a rich visualization and analytic platform that furthers the library’s mission of providing access to all forms of information and supporting pedagogy and scholarship across disciplines. Academic libraries are increasingly adopting VR technology for a variety of research and teaching purposes, which include providing enhanced access to digital collections, offering new research tools, and constructing new immersive learning environments for students. This trend suggests that positive technological innovation is flourishing in libraries, but there remains a lack of clear guidance in the library community on how to introduce these technologies in effective ways and make them sustainable within different types of institutions. In June 2018, the University of Oklahoma hosted the second of three forums on the use of 3D and VR for visualization and analysis in academic libraries, as part of the project Developing Library Strategy for 3D and Virtual Reality Collection Development and Reuse(LIB3DVR), funded by a grant from the Institute of Museum and Library Services. This qualitative study invited experts from a range of disciplines and sectors to identify common challenges in the visualization and analysis of 3D data, and the management of VR programs, for the purpose of developing a national library strategy.
Abstractβ-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) stimulation induces apoptosis in adult rat ventricular myocytes (ARVM). β1 integrin signaling plays a protective role in β-AR-stimulated apoptosis. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), a multifunctional serine/threonine kinase, negatively regulates cardiac hypertrophy. Here we show that β-AR stimulation (isoproterenol; 15 min) increases tyr 216 phosphorylation and GSK-3β activity. Inclusion of LiCl, inhibitor of GSK-3β, in the reaction mix or expression of catalytically inactive GSK-3β (KM-GSK) inhibited β-AR-stimulated GSK-3β activity. Inhibition of tyrosine kinase using genistein or chelation of intracellular Ca 2+ using BAPTA-AM inhibited β-AR-stimulated increases in tyr 216 phosphorylation and GSK-3β activity. Inhibition of GSK-3β using pharmacological inhibitors or infection with KM-GSK decreased β-AR-stimulated cytosolic cytochrome C release and apoptosis. Expression of β1 integrins increased ser 9 phosphorylation and inhibited β-AR-stimulated increase in GSK-3β activity. Wortmannin, inhibitor of PI3-kinase, reversed the effects of β1 integrins on GSK-3β activity and apoptosis. Purified active matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), shown to interfere with β1 integrin signaling, increased GSK-3β activity, while inhibition of MMP-2 inhibited β-AR-stimulated increases in GSK-3β activity. β-AR stimulation induced nuclear accumulation of GSK-3β. β-AR stimulation (3 h) increased the expression of transcription factor Gadd153 (growth arrest-and DNA damage-inducible gene 153). These data suggest that β-AR stimulation increases GSK-3β activity. Activation of GSK-3β plays a pro-apoptotic role in β-AR stimulated apoptosis via the involvement of mitochondrial death pathway. β1 integrins inactivate GSK-3β and play an anti-apoptotic role via the involvement of PI3-kinase pathway. The apoptotic effects of GSK-3β may be mediated, at least in part, via its nuclear localization and induction of pro-apoptotic genes, such as Gadd153.
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