Personal journeys in teacher education programs are crucial in helping pre-service teachers to build “a strong and positive professional identity” (Ivanova & Skara-Mincne, 2016; Yuan & Lee, 2015). This study aimed to elaborate on critical incidents regarding beliefs and motivation to become teachers in shaping teacher professional identity. It involved pre-service teachers who major in a Master’s Program in English Education at a university in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. As the methodology to collect data, critical incident techniques was used, which constitute five steps: 1) Establishing general aims; 2) Establishing plans and specifications (formulating frames of references and categories); 3) Collecting data; 4) Analyzing data; and 5) Interpreting, analyzing, and reporting data (Hughes, Williamson, & Lloyd, 2007). Some teachers may mix their experiences with blind judgments due to emotional reactions. Thus, critical incident technique enables pre-service teachers to revisit their incidents critically. The results of the study led to a conclusion that lack of personal connections between the participants and people who had taught them contributed to the participants’ neutral beliefs about teaching, which in turn contributed to their low intrinsic motivation to be teachers.
Having a purpose of providing all Indonesian students with cheap but qualified textbooks, the e-textbooks should be culturally inclusive, which are able to make the students engage with the texts, and later be motivated to learn. Ena (2013) and Wulandari (2019) found cultural biases in English e-textbooks for senior high schools in Indonesia, which could demotivate students from certain cultural groups, which were underrepresented or represented unfairly. Thus, aiming to elaborate to what extent diversity is represented in the action verbs of the e-textbooks studied, qualitative content analysis was chosen for this study. The reseachers were the main instruments, followed by categorizations and interraters. The results showed there was ethnicity bias. There was no Melanesian animal subjects using action verbs at all in all the e-textbooks and Melanesian human subjects never dominated any e-textbook, while Foreign subjects, who in reality are less in number than the Melanesian, dominated the e-textbook for grade X. Since there was ethnicity bias in the e-textbooks, all the parties involved in the creation of the e-textbooks should either vary the writer team’s ethnicities or vary the texts’ cultural settings and make them in line with the population rank of ethnicities in Indonesia.
Simply defined, metonymy is a phenomenon in which two things are associated, so that one thing stands for the other, i.e. the source stands for the target. (Evans and Green, 2006, p. 314; Barcelona, 2003) The example from Evans and Green (2006, p. 312) is “England beat Australia in the 2003 rugby World Cup ?nal.” In that example, England and Australia stand for their own national football teams. The example is whole-for-part metonymy. Generally classified, the types of metonymy are whole for part and part for whole. (Barcelona, 2003, p. 239) What it means by “whole for part” is a general thing represents a specific thing. It goes the other way around for “part for whole”. As everyone uses metonymy very often, it is everyone’s awareness towards metonymy that should be increased. Metonymy is a powerful tool (Guan, 2009, p. 179). It is a “cognitive tool for people’s conceptualization of the world” (Guan, 2009, p. 179) and particularly “for guiding inferencing in the interpretation of spoken discourse” (Kriskovic & Tominac, 2009, p. 50).
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