We present a novel manner in which to visualize the coding of qualitative data that enables representation and analysis of connections between codes using graph theory and network analysis. Network graphs are created from codes applied to a transcript or audio file using the code names and their chronological location. The resulting network is a representation of the coding data that characterizes the interrelations of codes. This approach enables quantification of qualitative codes using network analysis and facilitates examination of associations of network indices with other quantitative variables using common statistical procedures. Here, as a proof of concept, we applied this method to a set of interview transcripts that had been coded in 2 different ways and the resultant network graphs were examined. The creation of network graphs allows researchers an opportunity to view and share their qualitative data in an innovative way that may provide new insights and enhance transparency of the analytical process by which they reach their conclusions. (PsycINFO Database Record

Nonhuman primates posses a highly developed capacity for face recognition, which resembles the human capacity both cognitively and neurologically. Face recognition is typically tested by having subjects compare facial images, whereas there has been virtually no attention to how they connect these images to reality. Can nonhuman primates recognize familiar individuals in photographs? Such facial identification was examined in brown or tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella), a New World primate, by letting subjects categorize facial images of conspecifics as either belonging to the in-group or out-group. After training on an oddity task with four images on a touch screen, subjects correctly identified one in-group member as odd among three out-group members, and vice versa. They generalized this knowledge to both new images of the same individuals and images of juveniles never presented before, thus suggesting facial identification based on real-life experience with the depicted individuals. This ability was unexplained by potential color cues because the same results were obtained with grayscale images. These tests demonstrate that capuchin monkeys, like humans, recognize whom they see in a picture.face recognition ͉ individual discrimination ͉ oddity ͉ primate ͉ visual discrimination

Nuclei within the basal ganglia (BG), in particular the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), subthalamic nucleus (STN) and caudate nucleus, are known to be involved in the generation of rapid or saccadic eye movements. Neurons in the SNr are active tonically and generally show a pause, but also increase, in discharge rate, for the appearance of visual stimuli and the generation of saccades. Recent experimental results in oculomotor regions of the brainstem reveal overlap in the neuronal pathways used for saccades and smooth pursuit, or slow tracking, eye movements. Whether the overlap of processing for saccades and pursuit extends to the oculomotor BG is unknown. In the present report, we were interested in whether the overlap between the pursuit and saccadic systems extends into the oculomotor BG. Using single-neuron recording and electrical stimulation techniques, we tested whether neurons within the saccade portion of the BG, the SNr, could be involved in smooth pursuit eye movements. Monkeys were required to follow visual targets with either a smooth eye movement or a saccade while we recorded from SNr neurons. We report here on SNr neuronal activity that was modulated during the performance of visually guided saccades and also during the initiation and the maintenance of smooth pursuit eye movements. Importantly, the modulation of neuronal activity during pursuit was present even when catch-up saccades were absent. The majority of SNr neurons was active tonically and their discharge ceased during pursuit, although some neurons also increased their discharge rate during smooth pursuit, similar to the behaviour reported for saccades. We also found that electrical stimulation of the SNr during the initiation of pursuit suppressed ipsiversive and, in some cases, enhanced contraversive pursuit. Our combined recording and stimulation results are consistent with the hypothesis that the overlap between the pursuit and saccadic systems extends, at least somewhat, into the BG and that the signal conveyed by the SNr can be used by the pursuit system. Like the signal for saccades, the SNr may provide a permissive disinhibition for pursuit eye movements. We hypothesize that alterations in this signal in BG diseased states such as Parkinson's may explain in part the deficits observed in smooth pursuit eye movements of these patients.

Primates live in complex social groups that necessitate recognition of the individuals with whom they interact. In humans, faces provide a visual means by which to gain information such as identity, allowing us to distinguish between both familiar and unfamiliar individuals. The current study used a computerized oddity task to investigate whether a New World primate, Cebus apella, can discriminate the faces of In-group and Out-group conspecifics based on identity. The current study, improved on past methodologies, demonstrates that capuchins recognize the faces of both familiar and unfamiliar conspecifics. Once a performance criterion had been reached, subjects successfully transferred to a large number of novel images within the first 100 trials thus ruling out performance based on previous conditioning. Capuchins can be added to a growing list of primates that appear to recognize two-dimensional facial images of conspecifics.