The hydrolytic destruction of thiamine hydrochloride in various buffer solutions at pH 4.5 at 100° has been investigated. The rate of hydrolysis approximated to that of a first order reaction, the salts of weak organic acids acting as catalysts so that buffer salts could not retard the decomposition. It was confirmed that the hydrolytic products of thiamine affect the stability of cyanocobalamin, and that low concentrations of ferric ions can protect cyanocobalamin against the effects of thiamine breakdown products, but this occurs without appreciably affecting the stability of thiamine itself.
A semiconductor-to-metal phase transition in vanadium dioxide results in a huge change of optical refractive index. Only a picojoule of the incident laser energy is required for this phase transition to happen, and the time scale of this transformation is very short -semiconductor becomes metal within the first 100-fs. In this report we utilize this phase transformation to dramatically modify the shape of the incident laser pulse.
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