BackgroundEating rate (ER), comprising the amount of food consumed per unit of time, is associated with obesity and energy intake (EI).MethodsThe present study tested whether adding a self‐monitoring wearable device to a multifaceted 8‐week weight loss intervention increased weight loss. In addition, the device's effect on secondary change outcomes in EI, ER and estimated energy expenditure was explored. Tertiary outcomes included examining eating behaviours measured by the Weight‐Related Eating Questionnaire (WREQ). Seventy‐two adults who were overweight or obese [mean (SD) age, 37.7 (15.3) years; body mass index, 31.3 (3.2) kg m−2] were randomised into two groups: intervention workbook plus device (WD) or intervention workbook only (WO). Three 24‐h dietary recalls were obtained before weeks 0 and 8. Participants were weighed, consumed a test meal and completed 7‐day Physical Activity Recall and WREQ at weeks 0 and 8.ResultsThere was no significant difference between WD and WO groups with respect to weight change [−0.46 (1.11) vs. 0.26 (0.82) kg, respectively], ER, EI, energy expenditure or WREQ scores, although there were significant changes over time, and within‐group changes on all of these variables. At week 8, participants were dichotomised into weight loss or weight stable/gainers groups. A significant time by group change was seen in susceptibility to external cues scores, with significant time effects for susceptibility and restraint.ConclusionsAn intervention focused on reducing ER, energy density and increasing steps was effective for weight loss, although the wearable device provided no additional benefit. Participants with higher susceptibility to external eating may be more responsive to this intervention.
Objectives Subjective hunger, satiety, and appetite impact energy intake, so interventions addressing these are needed for weight management. This study examined effects on hunger, satiety, and appetite ratings when adding a self-monitoring wearable device to an 8-week weight loss intervention focused on reducing eating rate and dietary energy density, while increasing energy expenditure. The wrist-worn Eat Less Move More (ELMM) device tracks eating rate in seconds between bites, by time stamp and detection of wrist-roll motion, and tracks bites and steps taken. Methods Seventy-two adults with overweight or obesity (age, 37.7 ± 15.3 years; BMI, 31.3 ± 3.2 kg/m2) were randomized into two groups: intervention workbook only, or intervention workbook plus device. Before and after the intervention, participants consumed a standardized laboratory test meal after an overnight fast, and rated their hunger, satiety, desire to eat, and thirst on Visual Analog Scales (VAS) pre- and post-meal, 20 minutes post-meal, and 60 minutes post-meal initiation. Results A 2 × 2 repeated measures MANOVA with fasting VAS ratings showed a significant time by group interaction (Wilks' lambda = 0.81, F4,66 = 4.00, P = 0.007, partial eta squared = 0.19). Follow-up analyses showed a significant time by group effect for hunger (F1,69 = 9.56, P = 0.003, partial eta squared = 0.12), satiety (F1,69 = 5.23, P = 0.025, partial eta squared = 0.07), and desire to eat (F1,69 = 5.73, P = 0.02, partial eta squared = 0.08), but not for thirst. Post-meal analyses showed a significant group difference when controlling for total amount consumed (grams) and eating rate (grams/minute) (Wilks' lambda = 0.75, F4,64 = 5.24, P = 0.001, partial eta squared = 0.25). Follow-up post-meal analyses showed a significant group effect for satiety (F1,67 = 7.02, P = 0.01, partial eta squared = 0.10), but not for hunger, desire to eat or thirst. Thus, participants who had used the self-monitoring device reported reduced pre-meal hunger, increased satiety, and reduced desire to eat, as well as increased post-meal satiety, when compared to those who had not used the device. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that the addition of a self-monitoring device to a weight loss intervention focused on reducing eating rate, decreasing energy density, and increasing energy expenditure may be beneficial. Funding Sources The Obesity Society.
Background: Maintaining weight loss is difficult, partly as a result of accompanying reductions in fat oxidation. The present study examined fat oxidation [reflected by respiratory exchange ratio (RER)] within an 8-week, self-led weight loss intervention. Changes in RER, body fat (BF%) and estimated energy expenditure (EE) were examined. Methods: Twenty-two adults [13 females, nine males; mean (SD) age 34.6 (16.5) years; body mass index 32.0 (4.3) kg m À2 ] received a self-directed workbook; twelve were also randomised to receive a self-monitoring wristworn device. At weeks 0 and 8, RER (indirect calorimetry), BF% (BodPod) and estimated EE [7-day physical activity recall (PAR-EE) were collected. Participants were pooled and paired t-tests were used to examine changes over time. Correlations explored associations among variables. Participants were then dichotomised into weight loss group (WL) or weight stable/gainers group (WSG) and eating behaviours [Intuitive Eating Scale (IES-2)] were examined by 2 9 2 repeated measures multivariate analysis of covariance. Results: There were no significant changes in RER, body fat percentage and PAR-EE. A significant negative association was found between week 8 PAR-EE and week 8 RER, as well as between BF% change and RER change. There was a significant time by WL versus WSG group effect of IES-2 scores, with the WL group self-reporting significantly increased scores in Eating for Physical Reasons rather than Emotional Reasons (EPR) subscale. Conclusions: Increased physical activity after an 8-week weight loss intervention was associated with a higher fasting fat oxidation. Participants who increased EPR scores were more successful in weight loss than those without a change in this subscale. 737
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