Animals may exhibit preference for colors that match their environment or the resources in the environment. These preferences may impact ability to learn associations with these colors and revert the associations when the reward contingency is modified. We used zebrafish Danio rerio from four populations to test if color preferences impact associative and reversal learning ability. First, we tested if preference for blue or green impact associative ability. We subjected individual fish through eight trials to associate a social stimulus with blue or green. Next, we tested if preference for red or green impact associative reversal learning ability. We trained fish in groups of three to associate a social stimulus with red or green over three trials, and reversed the reward contingency during the following session. Results showed that zebrafish preferred green over blue and domesticated fish chose green more than blue when there was a reward attached. Zebrafish also preferred red over green. Fish from one wild population learned with both colors and reversed learning only from green to red and not vice-versa. Fish from another population showed an overwhelming preference for red irrespective of what was rewarded. Domesticated fish did not show reversal learning ability.
This study applied social cognitive theory to help explain the differential outcomes observed in conjugal bereavement. Specifically, a measure of bereavement coping self-efficacy was created and relationships tested with psychological, spiritual, and physical health outcomes. One hundred and one women whose husbands had died from cancer within the last year served as participants. Mean age of this relatively well-educated, predominately Caucasian sample was 54 years old. Median time since death was between 6 months and a year. Results supported the hypotheses that bereavement coping self-efficacy was a significant predictor of emotional distress, psychological well-being, spiritual well-being, and physical health perceptions after controlling for several other important factors. Theoretical and clinical ramifications of these findings are discussed.
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) has emerged as one of the primary experimental models of developmental cardiovascular research. Recent progress in flow visualization techniques along with the existing genetic map of the species has made zebrafish amenable to a variety of experiments relating cardiac developmental structure and function. One essential tool in establishing the proper functioning of the heart is the electrocardiogram (ECG). This study presents a methodology whereby the ECGs of embryonic zebrafish could be used in assessing the electrophysiological consequences of genetically-, mechanically-, or pharmacokinetically-induced cardiac perturbations. Five day post-fertilization (dpf) embryos produced repeating bimodal ECGs with clearly distinguished atrial (P) and ventricular (R) depolarization waves. P-R intervals along with P-P intervals are cited.
The ant communities on coffee farms in the West/Central Mountains of Puerto Rico are composed of mainly invasive species, although many have a long history of occupation and are effectively naturalized. The ecological forces that maintain such communities are thus of interest, and are evidently related to the spatial patterns in which they inevitably occur. Furthermore, the spatial patterns in which members of the native ant community forage almost certainly include limitations related to the structure of the networks of subterranean foraging tunnels that extend from the nest mounds of Solenopsis invicta. Here we explore some details of that structure. We ask, what is the pattern of foraging exit holes and the gaps between them, and how does that pattern change from farm to farm and from time to time? We encounter typical underground foraging trails punctuated by foraging exits, which, we propose, create a structure above ground of relatively small foraging exits in a matrix of effective foraging gaps. This pattern varies from nest to nest and farm to farm. Other ant species clearly occupy those gaps and seem to gain some of their resilience in the system from this peculiarity of S. invicta's foraging area structure.
This study applied social cognitive theory to help explain the differential outcomes observed in conjugal bereavement. Specifically, a measure of bereavement coping self-efficacy was created and relationships tested with psychological, spiritual, and physical health outcomes. One hundred and one women whose husbands had died from cancer within the last year served as participants. Mean age of this relatively well-educated, predominately Caucasian sample was 54 years old. Median time since death was between 6 months and a year. Results supported the hypotheses that bereavement coping self-efficacy was a significant predictor of emotional distress, psychological well-being, spiritual well-being, and physical health perceptions after controlling for several other important factors. Theoretical and clinical ramifications of these findings are discussed.
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