This summarizes proceedings of a Scientific Research Planning Meeting on Sexual Violence and HIV transmission, convened by the Social Science Research Council on 19–20 March 2012 at the Greentree Foundation in New York. The Meeting brought together an interdisciplinary group of basic, clinical, epidemiological and social science researchers and policy makers with the aim of: (1) examining what is known about the physiology of sexual violence and its role in HIV transmission, acquisition and pathogenesis; (2) specifying factors that distinguish risks throughout the maturation of the female genital tract, the reproductive cycle and among post-menopausal women; and (3) developing a research agenda to explore unanswered questions. The Meeting resulted in a consensus Research Agenda and White Paper that identify priorities for HIV research, policy and practice as it pertains to the role of sexual violence and genital injury in HIV transmission, acquisition and pathogenesis, particularly among women and girls.
The links between sexual violence, genitoanal injury, and HIV are understudied but potentially significant for understanding the epidemic's disproportionate impacts on young women and girls, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, other hyperendemic areas, and conflict-affected regions. A Scientific Research Planning Meeting was convened by the Social Science Research Council at the Greentree Foundation in New York, March 19-20, 2012, bringing together an interdisciplinary group of researchers, clinicians, and policy makers to identify knowledge needs and gaps in three key areas: (1) the role of genitoanal injury on HIV transmission, acquisition, and pathogenesis; (2) the influence of sex and age-related anatomic characteristics on HIV transmission, acquisition, and pathogenesis; and (3) the role of heterosexual anal intercourse in HIV transmission. This article reflects the consensus that emerged from the Greentree Meeting regarding priority scientific research questions in these three areas, associated data collection and measurement challenges and opportunities, and implications for policy and practice.
The analysis illustrates that SV is likely to be an important HIV risk factor in some conflict-affected settings. More generally, it indicates the limitations of using broad aggregate analysis to derive epidemiological conclusions. Conflict-related initiatives offer important opportunities to assist survivors and prevent future abuses through collaborative programming on reconstruction, HIV and sexual violence.
We report findings from a systematic review of literature on women's formal political participation in fragile and conflict-affected states. In many postconflict contexts, quotas for women's formal participation are introduced as part of restructuring the political and social landscape. While many women take part in formal politics, many more still experience inequalities determined by their gender positions. Our analysis assesses the evidence used to substantiate the support for the prevailing global policy prescription for women's participation in formal political structures and the impact of this on general gender equality. We explore the association and relevance between the available knowledge, evidential claims based on these and the prevailing policy and practice to advance gender equality. Good policies require in-depth knowledge about the field within which policies intervene. One of our central findings is that the research continues to produce knowledge about the mechanisms that help to elect women rather than knowledge on the gender outcomes of these processes within the larger society. Policy Implications• Do not assume that once women are elected gender-equality outcomes are a foregone conclusion. Knowledge is needed to identify mechanisms and local pathways that are effective in producing desired gender outcomes.• Policy makers should consider the link between available knowledge and their policy aims. Knowledge is needed on the conditions in postconflict situations under which women participate in political systems and on how quotas are interacting with these existing relations.• Policy makers need to consider factors that (dis)enable and/or motivate women to participate in formal and informal political processes and to assess the circumstances under which international peace building strategies and the implementation of gender policies help or hinder women's peace building efforts. Does women's formal political participation increase gender equality in fragile and conflict-affected contexts? If the answer to this question could be surmised from the groundswell of international policy, practice and activism to increase women's formal political participation, it would certainly be affirmative. From the UN's first call 20 years ago to establish targets for increasing the proportion of women in political leadership positions, to their emergence as a measure of gender equality within the Millennium Development Goals, increasing women's formal political participation has become a central issue for democratic governance and gender equality. Supporting women's political participation is also becoming a central strategy in bilateral aid policies (see DFID, 2011). However, as the recent scholarship argues, the research in the field has focused mostly on processes of creating quotas for elections and mechanisms of elections, leaving questions as to the link between these processes and gender equality at large unanswered (Bush, 2011;Franceschet et al., 2012).In this article we reflect on the findings of a sy...
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