Skeletal muscle has the capacity of regeneration after injury. However, for large volumes of muscle loss, this regeneration needs interventional support. Consequently, muscle injury provides an ongoing reconstructive and regenerative challenge in clinical work. To promote muscle repair and regeneration, different strategies have been developed within the last century and especially during the last few decades, including surgical techniques, physical therapy, biomaterials, and muscular tissue engineering as well as cell therapy. Still, there is a great need to develop new methods and materials, which promote skeletal muscle repair and functional regeneration. In this review, we give a comprehensive overview over the epidemiology of muscle tissue loss, highlight current strategies in clinical treatment, and discuss novel methods for muscle regeneration and challenges for their future clinical translation.
Introduction: Most patients with amputation (up to 80%) suffer from phantom limb pain postsurgery. These are often multimorbid patients who also have multiple risk factors for the development of chronic pain from a pain medicine perspective. Surgical removal of the body part and sectioning of peripheral nerves result in a lack of afferent feedback, followed by neuroplastic changes in the sensorimotor cortex. The experience of severe pain, peripheral, spinal, and cortical sensitization mechanisms, and changes in the body scheme contribute to chronic phantom limb pain. Psychosocial factors may also affect the course and the severity of the pain. Modern amputation medicine is an interdisciplinary responsibility. Methods: This review aims to provide an interdisciplinary overview of recent evidence-based and clinical knowledge. Results: The scientific evidence for best practice is weak and contrasted by various clinical reports describing the polypragmatic use of drugs and interventional techniques. Approaches to restore the body scheme and integration of sensorimotor input are of importance. Modern techniques, including apps and virtual reality, offer an exciting supplement to already established approaches based on mirror therapy. Targeted prosthesis care helps to obtain or restore limb function and at the same time plays an important role reshaping the body scheme. Discussion: Consequent prevention and treatment of severe postoperative pain and early integration of pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions are required to reduce severe phantom limb pain. To obtain or restore body function, foresighted surgical planning and technique as well as an appropriate interdisciplinary management is needed.
Die thermischen Zerfallsreaktionen von CH3CHO und CH3COCH3 in Argon als Trägergas wurden zwischen 1350 K und 1650 K hinter reflektierten Stoßwellen untersucht. Die Gesamtdichten hinter der reflektierten Stoßwelle lagen zwischen 3 · 10−3 und 9 · 10−6 mol/cm3. Die Zerfallsreaktionen verliefen bei den angewandten Reaktionsbedingungen nach erster Ordnung in CH3CHO bzw. CH3COCH3. Die Extrapolation der Meßwerte zu hohen Drücken für die Reaktionen führt zu den Arrheniusausdrücken Die Druckabhängigkeit der Geschwindigkeitskonstanten sowie die Zerfallsmechanismen werden diskutiert.
Rate constants for the disproportionation reaction (1) OH + OH → H2O + O in the range T = 1200 ‐ 1800 K have been measured by a direct technique using shock heating of HNO3/Ar mixtures as a source of a strongly non‐equilibrated OH concentration and time resolved UV resonance absorption as its monitor. The result. k1 = 3.4 1013 exp(−21 kJ mol−1/RT) cm3/mol·s does not correlate with the accepted absolute data at room temperature and implies that the Arrhenius plot for this reaction is strongly curved. It is shown that presently available data in the range 300–2000 K can be represented best by a k = ATm expression. Whereas an empirical interpolation based on the weighted absolute values of all rate constants yields k1 = 1.5 109(T/K)1.14 cm3/mol·s, the result of a transition state theory calculation implies a slightly stronger temperature dependence (k1TST = 6.6. 108 (T/K)1.23 cm3/mol·s) with apparent Arrhenius activation energies of zero around room temperature and ∼20 kJ mol−1 in the 1000–2000 K range
A combined flash photolysis/shock‐tube technique for the direct investigation of the rates of bimolecular reactions of the OH radical at temperatures between 1000‐1500 K is described. In this technique shock heated mixtures of approximately 0.5% of H2O in Ar and containing small amounts of a selected reactant, are subjected to flash photolysis as an instantaneous source of OH. The shock wave only serves to heat the gas mixture; thermal decomposition does not occur. Formation and subsequent decay of OH are monitored by time resolved UV resonance absorption. – First results with this technique have been obtained for the reactions (1) OH + CH4 r̊ CH3 + H2O and (2) OH + CF3H r̊ CF3 + H2O. Rate constants were found to be k1 (1300 K) = (2.5 ± 0.8) 1012 and k2 (1350 K) = (4.0 ± 1.0) 1011 cm3/mol · s. The result for reaction (1) is shown to confirm previously suggested non‐Arrhenius behaviour for this reaction, and in combination with low temperature data yields k1(T) = 106.19 (T/K)2.13 exp(‐1234 K/T) cm3/mol · s. The dependence of k1, on temperature is described in terms of transition state theory.
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