Signaling pathways intersecting with the p21-activated kinases (PAKs) play important roles in tumorigenesis and cancer progression. By recognizing that the limitations of FRAX1036 (1) were chiefly associated with the highly basic amine it contained, we devised a mitigation strategy to address several issues such as hERG activity. The 5-amino-1,3-dioxanyl moiety was identified as an effective means of reducing pK a and logP simultaneously. When positioned properly within the scaffold, this group conferred several benefits including potency, pharmacokinetics, and selectivity. Mouse xenograft PK/PD studies were carried out using an advanced compound, G-5555 (12), derived from this approach. These studies concluded that dose-dependent pathway modulation was achievable and paves the way for further in vivo investigations of PAK1 function in cancer and other diseases.
p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) has an important role in transducing signals in several oncogenic pathways. The concept of inhibiting this kinase has garnered significant interest over the past decade, particularly for targeting cancers associated with PAK1 amplification. Animal studies with the selective group I PAK (pan-PAK1, 2, 3) inhibitor G-5555 from the pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one class uncovered acute toxicity with a narrow therapeutic window. To attempt mitigating the toxicity, we introduced significant structural changes, culminating in the discovery of the potent pyridone side chain analogue G-9791. Mouse tolerability studies with this compound, other members of this series, and compounds from two structurally distinct classes revealed persistent toxicity and a correlation of minimum toxic concentrations and PAK1/2 mediated cellular potencies. Broad screening of selected PAK inhibitors revealed PAK1, 2, and 3 as the only overlapping targets. Our data suggest acute cardiovascular toxicity resulting from the inhibition of PAK2, which may be enhanced by PAK1 inhibition, and cautions against continued pursuit of pan-group I PAK inhibitors in drug discovery.
Stimulation of the CD3/TCR results within minutes in an increase in T cell adhesion mediated by β1 integrins. The biochemical pathways that control CD3-mediated increases in β1 integrin-mediated adhesion remain poorly characterized. In this study, the role of the tyrosine kinase ZAP-70 in the regulation of β1 integrin activity by the CD3/TCR was investigated. CD3 stimulation did not increase β1 integrin-mediated adhesion of the ZAP-70-deficient Jurkat T cell line, P116, to the β1 integrin ligand fibronectin. Reintroduction of wild-type ZAP-70, but not a kinase-inactive variant, K369R, corrected the adhesive defect observed in P116 T cells. In addition, the kinase-inactive ZAP-70 mutant inhibited CD3-induced adhesion of primary human T cell blasts. Interestingly, a ZAP-70 mutant with a tyrosine to phenylalanine substitution at position 319 (Y319F) restored the adhesive defect in P116 T cells, even though Y319F ZAP-70 failed to fully reconstitute CD3-initiated NF-AT-dependent transcription and tyrosine phosphorylation of the LAT adapter protein. Finally, expression of mutants of LAT and the SLP-76 adapter protein that modulate CD3-mediated activation of an NF-AT reporter gene failed to block CD3-induced increases in β1 integrin-mediated adhesion. These observations support a model in which the tyrosine kinase activity of ZAP-70 kinase is critical for regulation of β1 integrin activity by CD3/TCR. However, the signaling events downstream of ZAP-70 that regulate CD3/TCR-mediated activation of β1 integrin function exhibit key differences when compared with the signaling pathways that regulate transcriptional events initiated by CD3/TCR stimulation.
Immunotherapy for breast cancer using cytotoxic T cells (CTL) is hindered by the lack of well-characterized breast cancer antigens that are expressed in most breast tumor cells and recognized by CD8 + CTL. A recently described breast tissue differentiation antigen, NY-BR-1, is expressed in >80% breast tumors and elicits a humoral response in a subset of breast cancer patients. To identify potential NY-BR-1 epitopes that are recognized by CTL, CD8 + T cells were stimulated in vitro with autologous dendritic cells pulsed with NY-BR-1 peptides that were predicted to bind to HLA-A2. In multiple normal female donors and breast cancer patients, specific CD8 + CTL responses were detected by enzyme-linked immunospot assay against several NY-BR-1 peptides after two cycles of stimulation. CD8 + CTL clones against three NY-BR-1 epitopes were isolated and recognized peptide-pulsed target cells with high avidity. T-cell clones specific for one of the NY-BR-1 epitopes (p904) also recognized breast tumor cells expressing NY-BR-1, NY-BR-1 À cells transfected with a cDNA encoding the NY-BR-1 protein, and autologous dendritic cells pulsed with opsonized NY-BR-1 + breast tumor cells. Taken together, these results show that the p904 epitope derived from NY-BR-1 is efficiently processed and presented endogenously and identify NY-BR-1 as a promising target for T-cell-based immunotherapy for breast cancer. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(13): 6826-33)
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