Summary What is known and objective Recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) occurs after initial treatment in approximately 20%‐30% of patients, regardless of therapy chosen. The objective of this study was to assess clinical outcomes of recurrent CDI treated with fidaxomicin or oral vancomycin. Methods This study was a retrospective, propensity score‐matched nationwide analysis of adult patients with first or second CDI recurrence prescribed fidaxomicin or oral vancomycin from any Veterans Affairs Medical Center between June 2011 and December 2015. The primary outcome was evidence of clinical failure or 90‐day recurrence. Results and discussion Univariate variables associated with failure or recurrence were identified among 65 fidaxomicin‐treated episodes and 1065 vancomycin‐treated episodes and placed into a multivariable logistic regression model. Propensity scores were calculated from this model; 195 vancomycin‐treated episodes were matched by the next‐nearest propensity score to 65 fidaxomicin‐treated episodes. CDI failure or recurrence was similar between the two groups (18 of 65 [27.7%] fidaxomicin‐treated episodes vs 42 of 195 [21.5%] vancomycin‐treated episodes [P = 0.31]). Multivariate analysis demonstrated only baseline second recurrence episode, not choice of drug, as independently associated with failure or recurrence. What is new and conclusion There was no difference in the combined outcome of clinical failure or 90‐day recurrence between fidaxomicin and oral vancomycin in the treatment of first or second recurrent CDI.

Background Clostridium difficile infection treatment guidelines exist for immunocompetent patients; however, there is a paucity of data evaluating clinical outcomes and time to C. difficile-associated diarrhea resolution in neutropenic patients. Objective To assess clinical outcomes in neutropenic patients treated with metronidazole, oral vancomycin, the combination of metronidazole plus oral vancomycin, and switch of metronidazole to oral vancomycin. Methods This retrospective, observational cohort study assessed adult neutropenic inpatients with C. difficile-associated diarrhea treated with metronidazole, oral vancomycin, combination (metronidazole and oral vancomycin), or switch therapy (metronidazole to oral vancomycin). The primary outcome was time to diarrhea resolution based on treatment regimen. Secondary outcomes included C. difficile-associated diarrhea resolution of diarrhea by day 14, recurrence, and occurrence of major complications. Results Overall, 44 patients met full inclusion criteria (52.2% metronidazole monotherapy, 22.7% combination, and 25.0% switch therapy). Two patients on oral vancomycin monotherapy were excluded due to insufficient sample size. Overall time to C. difficile-associated diarrhea resolution was 9.1 ± 10.7 days. The Cox regression results suggested both switch and combination therapy were associated with 65.5% (p = 0.002) and 65.9% (p = 0.046) longer time to C. difficile-associated diarrhea resolution compared to metronidazole monotherapy, respectively. An increasing absolute neutrophil count was associated with an increase in C. difficile-associated diarrhea resolution (p = 0.007). Conclusion Switch or combination therapy was associated with a prolonged time to C. difficile-associated diarrhea resolution. The decision to use switch or combination therapy may represent a surrogate marker for more severe disease and need for therapy escalation. It is unknown if initial therapy with oral vancomycin would provide better outcomes as this could not be assessed.