There has been much international concern about the present and future status of school physical education. Recent research has employed surveys or case studies to examine the status of physical education but there is a dearth of in-depth physical education curriculum document analysis. The aim of this study is to contribute to the international discussion about physical education curricula by expanding upon previous interpretations of Canada's physical education curricula and addressing additional aspects that may have been overlooked. Results of an analysis of Canada's 10 provincial physical education curricula reveal trends and themes related to instructional time allocations, curricular aim statements, curricular organizing categories and learning outcome statements. While the stated aim of physical education curricula in Canada is focused on healthy, active living, there is evidence that the specific content of the learning outcome statements are more focused on movement skills, games and sport technique. This contradiction sparks further discussion about the philosophical and theoretical underpinnings of physical education curricula and the importance of understanding what has, is, and perhaps should be influencing decisions about curriculum development throughout the world.

This study investigated the usefulness of the dose optimization strategy of increased tube voltage (kVp) and decreased tube current-exposure time product (mAs) (or high kVp-low mAs) by examining practitioners' assessments of perceived aesthetic and diagnostic quality of direct digital radiographs acquired using this strategy. Ninety-one practitioners (radiologists, radiology residents, radiographers, and radiography students) from eight clinical sites in Ontario examined three types of radiographs (''standard'' image, þ20 kVp image, and þ30 kVp image) for anthropomorphic pelvis, chest, skull, and hand phantoms and rated (on a five-point scale) each image in regard to its perceived aesthetic quality, perceived diagnostic quality, and visualization of anatomic structures. Our primary findings are that for the pelvis, skull, and hand-although not the chest-images acquired using standard technical factors were rated significantly higher in diagnostic and aesthetic quality than those acquired using the high kVp-low mAs strategy. Despite this, both standard and dose-optimized images of the pelvis, skull, and hand were rated to be of acceptable diagnostic quality for clinical use. In conclusion, for the pelvis, skull, and hand, an increase of 20 kVp was an effective strategy to reduce dose while still acquiring images of diagnostic quality. RESUM E Cette etude evalue l'utilit e de la strat egie d'optimisation de la dose fond ee sur l'augmentation de la tension du tube (kVp) et de la diminution du produit tube de courant/temps d'exposition (mAs) (ou kVp elev e-mAs faible) en examinant l' evaluation que font les praticiens de la qualit e esth etique et diagnostique perçue des radiographies num eriques directes prises a l'aide de cette strat egie. Quatre-vingt onze praticiens (radiologistes, r esidents en radiologie, radiographes et etudiants en radiographie) de huit sites cliniques en Ontario ont examin e trois types de radiographies (image « standard », image a þ20 kVp, image a þ30 kVp) de fantômes anthropomorphiques du pelvis, de la poitrine, du crâne et de la main et les ont cot ees (sur une echelle de 1 a 5) selon (a) qualit e esth etique perçue, (b) leur qualit e diagnostique perçue et (c) la visualisation des structures anatomiques. Nos constatations initiales montrent que, dans le cas des images du pelvis, du crâne et de la main, mais non celles de la poitrine, les images prises avec les facteurs techniques standard ont reçu une note significativement plus elev ee pour la qualit e esth etique et diagnostique que celles prises en utilisant la technique kVp elev e-mAs faible. Cependant, les images standard et a dose optimis ee du pelvis, du crâne et de la main ont et e jug ees de qualit e diagnostique acceptable pour un usage clinique. En conclusion, pour le pelvis, le crâne et la main, une augmentation de þ20 kVp est une strat egie efficace pour r eduire la dose tout en produisant quand même des images de qualit e diagnostique.

Introduction. Indigenous Peoples experience disproportionately higher rates of problematic substance use. These problems are situated in a context of individual and intergenerational trauma from colonization, residential schools, and racist and discriminatory practices, policies, and services. Therefore, substance use interventions need to adopt a traumainformed approach. Purpose. We aimed to synthesize and report the current literature exploring the intersection of trauma and substance use interventions for Indigenous Peoples. Methods. Fourteen databases were searched using keywords for Indigenous Peoples, trauma, and substance use. Of the 1373 sources identified, 117 met inclusion criteria. Results: Literature on trauma and substance use with Indigenous Peoples has increased in the last 5 years (2012-2016, n=29; 2017-2021, n=48), with most literature coming from the United States and Canada and focusing on historical or intergenerational trauma. Few articles focused on intersectional identities such as 2SLGBTQIA+ (n=4), and none focused on veterans. There were limited sources (n=25) that reported specific interventions at the intersection of trauma and substance use. These sources advocate for multi-faceted, traumainformed, and culturally safe interventions for use with Indigenous Peoples. Conclusion: This scoping review illuminates gaps in the literature and highlights a need for research reporting on trauma-informed interventions for substance use with Indigenous Peoples.

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