Object recognition studies have almost exclusively involved vision, focusing on shape rather than surface properties such as color. Visual object representations are thought to integrate shape and color information because changing the color of studied objects impairs their subsequent recognition. However, little is known about integration of surface properties into visuo-haptic multisensory representations. Here, participants studied objects with distinct patterns of surface properties (color in Experiment 1, texture in Experiments 2 & 3) and had to discriminate between object shapes when color/texture schemes were altered in within-modal (visual and haptic) and cross-modal (visual study/haptic test and vice versa) conditions. In Experiment 1, color changes impaired within-modal visual recognition but had no effect on cross-modal recognition, suggesting that the multisensory representation is not influenced by modality-specific surface properties. In Experiment 2, texture changes impaired recognition in all conditions, suggesting that both unisensory and multisensory representations integrate modality-independent surface properties. However, the cross-modal impairment might have reflected either the texture change or a failure to form the multisensory representation. Experiment 3 attempted to distinguish between these possibilities by combining changes in texture with changes in orientation, taking advantage of the known view-independence of the multisensory representation, but the results were not conclusive owing to the overwhelming effect of texture change. The simplest account is that the multisensory representation integrates shape and modality-independent surface properties. However, more work is required to investigate this and the conditions under which multisensory integration of structural and surface properties occurs.
subsequent patients were included in the weight-based dosing group (WDG; TAC 0.05 mg/kg orally every 12 hours). Both groups were titrated to a goal TAC trough of 7 to 11 ng/mL and analyzed via immunoassay microparticle chemoluminescence (Abbott Diagnostics, Lake Forest, IL) at VMC and Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry at DMC. The groups had no difference in demographics (Table 1). The primary end point of mean time to therapeutic trough was 11.4 (10.6) days in the CDG versus 6.7 (6.1) days in the WDG; P < 0.0001. The WDG had significantly fewer dose changes until goal (CDG 2.2 [1.4] vs WDG 1.5 [1.4]; P = 0.0001) with a similar length of stay. At the time of hospital discharge, CDG had both a higher incidence of subtherapeutic levels (n = 87 [79%] in the CDG vs n = 83 [29.7%] in the WDG; P = 0.0015) and undetectable levels (n = 28 [25.5%] in the CDG vs n = 6 [4.3%] in the WDG, P = 0.0001). The mean TAC level at discharge for the WDG was 6.4 ng/mL (3.2) and 4.3 ng/mL (3.7) for the CDG; P < 0.0001. Incidence of DGF was not statistically significantly different between
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