Prenatal depression (PD) as a risk factor for adverse birth outcomes is well documented. Less is known about maternal risks for PD, which could inform preventive strategies for perinatal and interconceptional care. This exploratory study investigates associations between prenatal depression symptoms and unintended and mistimed pregnancies and other maternal risk factors for PD. A subset of birth records from the New York Statewide Perinatal Data System (n = 19,219) was used in this secondary analysis of cross-sectional data. Univariate and multivariate multinomial regression was used to identify factors that are independently associated with four self-reported levels of prenatal depression symptoms. Women with unintended pregnancies were more likely (AOR, 95 % CI) to report severe (3.6, 2.6-5.1) or moderate (2.0, 1.6-2.5) prenatal depression symptoms and less likely to report no symptoms, compared to women with intended pregnancies. Likewise, women with mistimed pregnancies were more likely to report severe (2.7, 2.2-3.5) or moderate (1.7, 1.5-2.1) prenatal depression symptoms than no symptoms, compared to women with intended pregnancies. Low education, drug use, smoking, minority race, being unmarried and having Medicaid insurance were also significant, independent predictors of PD symptoms. Results suggest that routine screening for depression, intendedness of pregnancy and other associated risk factors such as smoking and drug use during prenatal and interconceptional care visits may enable coordinated interventions that can reduce prenatal depression and unintended and mistimed pregnancies and improve pregnancy outcomes.
Objective: Previous scholarship has demonstrated that maternity leave is associated with good overall physical and mental health of the mother and child. However, taking time off to recover from a birth and bond with a new child challenges families' economic security when such leave is not fully-paid. We examine a populationbased sample of Oregon women to identify factors associated with access to fully-paid leave versus partially-paid leave, unpaid leave, and no leave. Methods:We used a state population-based survey of postpartum women who had a 2008 live birth to explore differences in access to fully-paid maternity leave. The Oregon Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) asks a stratified random sample of Oregon women about their experiences before, during, and after pregnancy; Oregon PRAMS-2 is a follow-back survey conducted when the child reaches 2 years of age. We used weighted multivariate regression to explore the association between annual household income and self-reported fully-paid maternity leave.Results: Among women who had been working during the last three months of pregnancy, 16.1% reported having been offered fully-paid, 16.3% partially-paid and 49.8% unpaid maternity leave; 17.7% were offered no maternity leave. In multivariate analysis, high-income women (>300% Federal Poverty Level) were more likely to have been offered fully-paid maternity leave than low-income women (ORa 3.57, 95% confidence interval 1.24-10.3). Conclusions:Few women receive fully-paid maternity leave. Policies ensuring fully-paid maternity leave will be particularly beneficial to lower-income women. A national paid leave policy would improve postpartum life for women and infants.
Objective: Previous scholarship has demonstrated that maternity leave is associated with good overall physical and mental health of the mother and child. However, taking time off to recover from a birth and bond with a new child challenges families' economic security when such leave is not fully-paid. We examine a populationbased sample of Oregon women to identify factors associated with access to fully-paid leave versus partially-paid leave, unpaid leave, and no leave.Methods: We used a state population-based survey of postpartum women who had a 2008 live birth to explore differences in access to fully-paid maternity leave. The Oregon Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) asks a stratified random sample of Oregon women about their experiences before, during, and after pregnancy; Oregon PRAMS-2 is a follow-back survey conducted when the child reaches 2 years of age. We used weighted multivariate regression to explore the association between annual household income and self-reported fully-paid maternity leave.Results: Among women who had been working during the last three months of pregnancy, 16.1% reported having been offered fully-paid, 16.3% partially-paid and 49.8% unpaid maternity leave; 17.7% were offered no maternity leave. In multivariate analysis, high-income women (>300% Federal Poverty Level) were more likely to have been offered fully-paid maternity leave than low-income women (ORa 3.57, 95% confidence interval 1.24-10.3). Conclusions:Few women receive fully-paid maternity leave. Policies ensuring fully-paid maternity leave will be particularly beneficial to lower-income women. A national paid leave policy would improve postpartum life for women and infants.
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