Acetaminophen (APAP) is a widely used analgesic and antipyretic drug. Generally, the therapeutic dose of APAP is clinically safe, however, high doses of APAP can cause acute liver and kidney injury. Therefore, the majority of previous studies have focussed on elucidating the mechanisms of APAP-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity, in addition to examining ways to treat these conditions in clinical cases. However, few studies have reported APAP-induced intoxication in human stem cells. Stem cells are important in cell proliferation, differentiation and repair during human development, particularly during fetal and child development. At present, whether APAP causes cytotoxic effects in human stem cells remains to be elucidated, therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the cellular effects of APAP treatment in human stem cells. The results of the present study revealed that high-dose APAP induced more marked cytotoxic effects in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) than in renal tubular cells. In addition, increased levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38, and activation of caspase-9/-3 cascade were observed in the APAP-treated hMSCs. By contrast, antioxidants, including vitamin C reduced APAP-induced augmentations in H2O2 levels, but did not inhibit the APAP-induced cytotoxic effects in the hMSCs. These results suggested that high doses of APAP may cause serious damage towards hMSCs.
ABSTRACT. The complete nucleotide sequences of the S1 and N genes of three Japanese and one Taiwanese field strains of IBV are reported. These Japanese strains were found to have S1 sequences most similar to those of Australian strains and N sequences most similar to those of North American strains. This result suggested that these Japanese strains might all be recombinant viruses derived from recombination of Australia-and North America-related viruses. Moreover, the S1 proteins of all these Japanese and Taiwanese strains exhibit only a limited sequence homology to strains of Massachusetts and Connecticut serotypes that have been commonly used as vaccine strains. This result high lightens the importance of development of vaccines based on the local strains of IBV. KEY WORDS: infectious bronchitis virus, nucleocapsid protein, spike glycoprotein.
Renal fibroblast proliferation is key in renal fibrosis and chronic kidney disease. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) has been demonstrated to be an important factor that induces cell proliferation in renal fibroblasts. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is also recognized as a factor promoting renal fibroblast proliferation. In addition, mitogen‑activated protein kinase signaling pathways are associated with TGF‑β1‑ and EGFR‑induced cell proliferation. Gefitinib, an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is predominantly used as an anti‑tumor therapeutic agent in clinical therapeutic strategies. However, gefitinib has been suggested to exert anti‑proliferative effects on renal fibroblasts, however, high‑dose gefitinib may result in serious side effects. The present study aims to determine whether low‑dose gefitinib reduces gefitinib‑induced side effects and maintains the anti‑proliferative effects on renal fibroblasts. TGF‑β1 promotes cell proliferation in renal fibroblasts, and the current study demonstrates that low‑dose gefitinib treatment exhibits anti‑proliferative effects similar to those of high‑dose gefitinib treatment. Thus, although high‑dose gefitinib is a conventional anti‑tumor drug, low‑dose gefitinib may be of use in renal fibrosis treatment. Furthermore, the present study demonstrates that a combined treatment with low-dose gefitinib and vitamin E has synergistic effects that reduce TGF‑β1‑induced fibroblast proliferation, cell-cycle arrest and the ERK phosphorylation pathway.
A Bacillus sp. TS‐23 α‐amylase produced by recombinant Escherichia coli was adsorbed onto raw starch and the adsorbed enzyme was eluted with maltose or maltodextrin in 50 mM Tris/HCl buffer (pH 8.5). The adsorption‐elution procedure resulted in a yield of 53% α‐amylase activity and sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS/PAGE) analysis showed that the eluted α‐amylase had a molecular mass of approximately 64 kDa. Raw starch could be used repeatedly in the adsorption‐ elution cycle with good reproducibility. Scanning electron microscopy of the isolated corn starch exhibited a smooth appearance of the granules before adsorption and only a small change in appearance after three adsorption‐elution cycles. These results suggest that the raw starch adsorption‐elution technique has a great potential in the isolation of Bacillus sp. TS‐23 α‐amylase from the culture broth of recombinant E. coli.
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens JN68, which has been discussed with regards to its antimicrobial activities, was successfully isolated from healthy chicken intestines in the present study. Using the spot-on-the-lawn antagonism method, the preliminary study indicated that a suspension culture of the B. amyloliquefaciens JN68 strain can inhibit the growth of Aspergillus niger and Penicillium pinophilum. Furthermore, the cyclic lipopeptides (CLPs) produced by the B. amyloliquefaciens JN68 strain were further purified through acid precipitation and Bond Elut®C18 chromatography, and their structures were identified using the liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (MS)/MS method. Purified CLPs exerted broad spectrum antimicrobial activities on various pathogenic and foodborne bacteria and fungi, as determined using the agar well diffusion method. Listeria monocytogenes can induce listeriosis, which is associated with a high mortality rate. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major pathogenic bacteria that causes nosocomial infections. Therefore, L. monocytogenes and MRSA are currently of great concern. The present study aimed to determine whether B. amyloliquefaciens JN68 extracts could inhibit L. monocytogenes and MRSA. The results indicated that extracts of B. amyloliquefaciens JN68 have CLP components, and can successfully inhibit the growth of L. monocytogenes and MRSA.
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