Glass is an ancient building material, which facilitated penetration of light into buildings. Once it was used exclusively for window panes, whereas nowadays there are examples of structures made of glass only. Apart from the traditional non-bearing application in engineering, it is progressively used for construction of bearing elements. The progressively stricter regulations dealing with energy efficiency of the buildings gives rise to application of special characteristics glass of high performance, but also to the more intensive research in this field. The adequate choice of the glass type can to a great extent improve the energy efficiency of the building. The paper gives a literature review of today’s available architectural glass types as well as their characteristics and developing tendencies. Also a review of standards, both national and international once is provided
This study investigates how the process of structural convergence common in many bilingual communities (cf. Clyne 1987, 1994) interacts with the process of code-switching. Data on Serbian/English code-switching indicate that there the process of structural convergence is reshaping the Serbian variety spoken by bilingual speakers. This process is reflected in code-switching situations in the form of what Myers-Scotton 1993b calls “matrix language” (ML) turnover: the matrix language in code-switched utterances can only be assigned if one considers the process of structural convergence occurring in Serbian. These data indicate that code-switched utterances in which the diachronic ML turnover is under-way present a very useful source of information not only for the analysis of code-switching, but also for the analysis of language change under conditions of contact. The findings of this study strongly suggest that any theoretical model of code-switching which aims at achieving universality needs also to take into consideration the results of the structural convergence that affects linguistic varieties in many code-switching bilingual communities. (Structural convergence and language change, Serbian, code-switching, Matrix Language Frame model)
Punching shear resistance of column footings and foundation slabs varies significantly in different standards. The reason for this is because standards define differently the position of the critical perimeter in which the punching shear resistance should be determined, and quantify the influences of the main parameters like effective depth, shear slenderness, compressive strength of concrete, longitudinal reinforcement ratio and tension yield stress of reinforcement in different ways. In order to quantify the level of safety in Eurocode 2 and in fib MC 2010, their design results are compared with the test results of the series of footings tested in completely realistic boundary conditions in terms of the subgrade soil. Besides the performed tests results, the analysis of the other investigations of the footing punching rested on the real soil is also included. Thus was obtained the answer to the question how individual characteristics of the footings and of the soil affect the punching bearing resistance and how accurately Eurocode 2 and fib MC 2010 predict the bearing capacity of the tested column footings. At the end, based on the test results and on the tests of others, and on and performed numerical analyses, a possible modification of Eurocode 2 in the field of reinforced concrete footing was proposed.
The revitalization of existing masonry buildings, built decades ago, is a very topical and complex structural engineering issue, especially when the building was built in the area of significant seismic activity. A large number of masonry buildings in the city of Niš, as well as in other places in Serbia, were built in the period before the adoption of technical regulations on the design and construction of seismically resistant structures and they are at insufficient safety level in the event of an earthquake. Therefore, it is necessary that structural strengthening meets the seismic resistance requirements laid down in Eurocode 8 or other relevant codes. In order to choose the method of structural strengthening, detailed seismic analyses must be carried out in several variants along with the application of relevant technical regulations. The effects of five analyzed structural strengthening methods were checked against the provisions of Eurocode 8, Part 1 and Part 3, which relate to the recommendations for the geometric characteristics of shear walls, and they were applied on two types of existing masonry buildings in Niš. On the basis of the performed analyses, conclusions were drawn regarding the methodological approach of the assessment of the condition of the structure, its seismic resistance and decision-making on remediation and/or strengthening measures.
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