SummaryBackgroundThe purpose of the present study was to report and discuss the hematological and biochemical behavior of elite soccer players, in order to get more insight in the physiological characteristics of these sportsmen and to provide trainers and sports doctors with useful indicators.MethodsNineteen male soccer players volunteered to participate in this study. We followed the young elite soccer players during a competitive half season. Venous blood samples were collected between 9:00 and 10:00 a.m. after an overnight fast (10 h) at baseline, after 45 and 90 days and hematological and biochemical parameters were measured.ResultsHemoglobin and hematocrit levels were significantly reduced over the observational period (p<0.05), but erythrocyte count and iron levels remained unchanged. Bilirubin and ferritin levels significantly increased in response to regular soccer training (p<0.05). We observed a significant decrease in muscle enzyme plasma activity during the 90 days study period. ANOVA analysis revealed a significant increase in the leukocyte and neutrophil counts (p<0.05), in parallel with a significant decrease in the lymphocyte count (p<0.05) after the observational period of 90 days.ConclusionsElite soccer players are characterized by significant changes in biochemical and hematological parameters over the half season, which are linked to training workload, as well as adaptation induced by the soccer training. Although the values of the measured parameters fell within the reference range, regular monitoring of the biochemical and hematological parameters is fundamental for the identification of a healthy status and related optimal performances by sport doctors and trainers and selection of a correct workload by trainers.
Background: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) has common risk factors with cancer and significant similarities in the pathobiology process, both diseases having poor outcomes. Immune checkpoint PD-L1 has become the target of checkpoint inhibitory therapy that unleashes antitumor T cells and has revolutionized cancer treatment. This is a pilot study exploring membrane immune checkpoint PD-L1 expression in human IPF lung tissue samples and its soluble form, soluble PD-L1 (sPD-L1) plasma concentrations in IPF patients, in order to investigate potential role of PD-L1 as an IPF biomarker. Methods: Twelve human IPF lung tissue samples (formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded) obtained by surgical biopsy, have been tested for PD-L1 expression by PD-L1 IHC 22C3 pharmDx assay, while plasma samples for examination of sPD-L1 forms, PD-L1 (B7-H1/CD274) blood concentration, originated from 23 patients with IPF who did not undergo surgical biopsy. Results: Membrane PD-L1 expression in IPF lung tissue samples was positive to overexpression of PD-L1 in 9 samples out of 12. Only very few cells in the interstitium have shown a discrete PD-L1 expression, but not of a membrane type. As for sPD-L1 forms, we have found elevated concentrations of sPD-L1 in the serum of IPF patients 314.3 ng/L (117.7-483.1 ng/L), significantly higher compared with healthy control group 91.0 ng/L (52.4-119.7 ng/L), P<0.01. Conclusions: For IPF with PD-L1 expression on alveolar macrophages, further studies are necessary to elucidate this phenomenon. Serum sPD-1/PD-L1 is easily detected in clinical practice and should be further evaluated as a potential prognostic or/and predictive biomarker in IPF.
The aim of the present study was to examine the association of proteins that regulate iron transport/storage content and acute phase response with oxidative stress in male and female athletes. Serum ferritin, transferrin, soluble transferrin receptor, C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 and oxidative stress parameters (reactive oxygen metabolites, superoxide anion, advanced oxidation protein products, lipid hydroperoxides, superoxide-dismutase and pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance) were determined in 138 athletes (73 females and 65 males). A general linear model indicated significant gender differences between athletes in terms of reactive oxygen metabolites (307.48 ± 61.02 VS. 276.98 ± 50.08; P=0.030), superoxide-dismutase (114.60 ± 41.64 VS. 101.42 ± 38.76; P=0.001), lipid hydroperoxides (149.84 ± 38.95 VS. 101.43 ± 39.26; P<0.001), pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance (512.40 ± 148.67 VS. 413.09 ± 120.30; P=0.002), advanced oxidation protein products (1.49 ± 0.30 VS. 0.91 ± 0.25; P<0.001) and superoxide (2.61 ± 0.36 VS. 2.22 ± 0.35; P=0.001), which were all significantly higher in females. Multivariate analysis of covariance indicated gender (P<0.001), training experience (P=0.004), C-reactive protein (P=0.002), soluble transferrin receptor (P=0.004) and transferrin (P<0.001) as significant covariates. Gender accounted for the largest proportion of variability for all oxidative stress parameters (46.3%) and female athletes were more susceptible to oxidative stress. Iron transport and storage proteins (transferrin and ferritin), but also acute phase reactants, were negatively related factors for oxidative stress. In conclusion, variation in the ferritin level may contribute to the different oxidative stress level between the sexes.
Objectives. Retrospective study was designed to examine the importance of tissue kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) expression in predicting kidney function in sixty patients (27 males) aged 34.15 ± 12.23 years with different kidney diseases over three years after kidney biopsy. Materials and Methods. Tissue KIM-1 expression was determined immunohistochemically and KIM-1 staining was scored semiquantitatively, as well as tubulointerstitialis (TIN), inflammation, atrophy, and fibrosis. Kidney function (MDRD formula) and proteinuria/day were evaluated at the time of biopsy (GFR0) and 6, 12, 24, and 36 months later. Results. Significantly positive correlations between tissue KIM-1 expression and age (r = 0.313), TIN inflammation (r = 0.456), fibrosis (r = 0.317), and proteinuria at 6 months (r = 0.394) as well as negative correlations with GFR0 (r = −0.572), GFR6 (r = −0.442), GFR24 (r = −0.398), and GFR36 (r = −0.412) were found. Meanwhile, TIN inflammation was the best predictor of all measured kidney functions during three years, while tissue KIM-1 expression (P = 0.016) was a predictor only at 6 months after biopsy. Conclusion. Tissue KIM-1 expression significantly predicts kidney function solely at 6 months after biopsy, when the effects of immune and nonimmune treatments are the strongest.
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