Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first discovered in Wuhan, China in 2019. The disease it causes (coronavirus disease-19-COVID-19) was officially named on 11 February 2019 by the World Health Organization. At the beginning of May 2020, there are nearly 230 000 cases of COVID-19-related deaths and around 3 267 000 cases confirmed worldwide (WHO: COVID-19 Situation report-103.) The pathophysiology of COVID-19 includes SARS-CoV-2 binding to the alveolar epithelium, thus activating innate immune system and adaptive immune system and resulting in a pro-inflammatory cascade, including the release of
The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection and gastroduodenal lesions in Montenegrin patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis. The study included 55 hemodialysis patients with dyspeptic symptoms and 50 control subjects with normal kidney function who had also dyspepsia. After dyspepsia assessment by an interview, all subjects underwent gastroduodenoscopy and histopathological analysis of biopsy specimens, taken from the corpus and antrum of the stomach. Helicobacter pylori was confirmed in 50.9% of corpus mucosa i.e. 60.6% of antrum mucosa of maintenance hemodialysis patients. There were no significantly differences in endoscopic findings of the stomach and bacterial presence between the two study groups of participants (p = 0.451), while duodenal lesions were prevalent in control subjects (p < 0.001). The atrophy of corpus mucosa was more common in hemodialysis patients (p = 0.007), especially in those who have been on hemodialysis for a longer time (p < 0.001) and had lower pH (p = 0.011). The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection shown an inverse relationship with dialysis duration. Contrary, a positive relationship between Helicobacter pylori and the concentration of bicarbonate was demonstrated (p = 0.031). The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori and atrophic mucosal changes in Montenegrin hemodialysis patients depends on dialysis duration and acid-base balance.
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