This paper gives insight into how IoT networking is a unique combination of wireless personal area networks, like 6LowPAN, Zig-Bee, and the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol, which runs the Medium Access Control and the physical layer operations for 6LoW-PAN and ZigBee connectivity. In addition, this paper discusses about wireless LAN Wi-Fi technology, i.e. wireless local area network protocol and on a larger scale, mobile communication technology, such as LTE, that is used to provide connectivity to the internet, the wide area network. This paper focuses on how these technologies need to work together to provide IoT connectivity. It showcases important research challenges in said area.
Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN) environments have some very specific characteristics which introduce many challenges. Due to lack of sunlight as well as harsh conditions of underwater environment it is very difficult to change batteries and maintain power supply in underwater sensor nodes while in terrestrial WSN, managing power is easy due to ease of changing batteries and even a node can be changed as it is not as costly as an underwater sensor node. Moreover, in terrestrial WSN, solar power can also be utilized. Also in UWSN, often the transmission range required is more compared to terrestrial WSN as UWSNs are very sparse, which also results in more power consumption. Thus our focus is to improve the energy efficiency of UWSN. One of the way to improve energy efficiency is using cross layered approach. We have proposed a cross layered approach, cross layered VBF (CL-VBF), in which the routing layer is able to carry out power management along with the MAC layer. We evaluate our proposed approach with respect to overall energy consumption, per node energy consumption, average per node energy consumption, total end-to-end delivery and packet-delivery ratio by varying number of nodes, transmission range and packet size. We find that the newly designed CL-VBF achieves higher efficiency in energy consumption compared to VBF but has a low packet delivery ratio.
In this paper, we study and describe the conceptual differences of a new and upcoming technology called Holochain Technology along with that of widely used, Blockchain Technology. The working and architecture of both of these technologies have been studied purely at the conceptual level in order to ascertain the differences among them and decide the more efficient technology of the two. Our focus during the study was on the creation of chain, validation of the data uploaded on the chain and its integrity. Moreover, one of the important factors that we considered during the study was the effect of increased number of transactions in the current chain due to the addition of more nodes. Hence, in this paper, scalability is considered as one of the major factors that plays part in the performance of these two technologies. Thus, at the end of the paper, we will find out which of the two technologies studied here, will be used with more prevalence in the future.
Augmented Reality (AR) is used for various applications associated with the real world. In this paper, first, describe characteristics and essential services of AR. Brief history on Virtual Reality (VR) and AR is also mentioned in the introductory section. Then, AR Technologies along with its workflow is depicted, which includes the complete AR Process consisting of the stages of Image Acquisition, Feature Extraction, Feature Matching, Geometric Verification, and Associated Information Retrieval. Feature extraction is the essence of AR hence its details are furnished in the paper.
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