The prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is far higher in females than in males and numerous investigations to understand this gender bias have been performed, which propose as casual actors genetic predispositions and sex hormones effects. We will describe in this review how the sex hormones estrogen and prolactin influence B cell maturation and selection, permitting B cells to mature to immunocompetence in a mouse model of lupus. Finally, we will discuss the relevance and implications of these results for human disease.
In this paper, a new filtering method is presents to remove Rician noise from magnetic resonance image. This filter is based on Neutrosophic set (NS) approach of wiener filtering. A Neutrosophic Set (NS), a part of neutrosophy theory, studies the origin, nature, and scope of neutralities, as well as their interactions with different ideational spectra. Now, we apply the neutrosophic s e t into image domain and define some concepts and operators for image denoising. The image is transformed into NS domain, described using three membership sets: True (T), Indeterminacy (I) and False (F). The entropy of the neutrosophic set is defined and employed to measure the indeterminacy. The ω-wiener filtering operation is used on T and F to decrease the set indeterminacy and remove noise. The experiments have conducted on simulated MR images from Brainweb database with Rician noise added. The visual and the diagnostic quality of the denoised image are well preserved. The performance of this filter is compared with anisotropic diffusion filter (ADF) and unbiased non local mean filter (UNLM).
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