Non-destructive testing (NDT) is not only primarily concerned with the detection of discontinuities, but also with the mechanical properties. However, the usage of NDT in understanding the mechanical effect that leads to a failure of composites and the damage mechanisms are still not thoroughly studied, as much of the NDT approaches are widely used to maintain the structural integrity to preserve quality assurance. This work aims to investigate the application of infrared thermographic and ultrasonic in evaluating randomly-oriented short-natural-fiber-reinforced phenolic composites. The composites were made from short palm fibers of various sizes between 1.18–0.6 mm, 0.6–0.3 mm, and less than 0.3 mm at 20 and 40 wt%, respectively. The tensile results obtained from the parallel testing of the composites using infrared thermography, where the temperature and time changes on the tested samples were continuously recorded. The peak in the temperature-time graph indicated a macro crack growth and matrix cracking in the form of dissipated energy. Ultrasonic inspection were carried out on the impacted specimens. A scan of the ultrasonic testing on the phenolic composites found presence of a back wall in neat phenolic and was eradicated with fiber reinforcement due to attenuation and energy dissipation. The attenuation coefficient of composites was calculated with the aid of the A-scan. Therefore, it is concluded that ultrasonic inspection on the natural fiber is limited due to the large scattering of wave and energy loss due to attenuation, while infrared thermography is suitable to inspect natural-fiber-reinforced composites when monotonic loadings are applied.
Non-destructive testing (NDT) is a method of testing and analysis that rely on the application of physical principles to determine the integrity of materials without causing damage. The existence of weld discontinuity can affect the service ability of the materials. Ultrasonic testing Phases Array (UTPA) is widely practiced in many industries. The multiple ultrasonic elements and electronic time delay will create a constructive and destructive interference which could lead to mis-interpretation and evaluation of data. This multi displays scan capable to inspect complex geometries which are difficult to access using conventional UT. Two carbon steel plates with thickness 18 mm and 24 mm were prepared and cut to V-shape configuration and welded using shielding metal arc welding (SMAW) process, labeled as NDE-8826 and NDE-8827 respectively. Both samples were induced with internal weld. The samples will undergo A-scan, S-scan, B-scan, C-scan and Azimuthal scan to identify weld discontinuity. The length and datum of toe crack, slag and lack of inter run fusion detected by UTPA in NDE-8826 gives the same value as actual value. However the localization of the defect is slightly different at 1.0 mm for UT detection. While, the detection value for slag gives the same values for UT and UTPA which also same to the actual values. The detection of lack of penetration and lack of fusion in sample NDE-8827 was precisely can be detected by UT and UTPA, however their datum value has slightly different in centre line crack and porosity at 2.0 mm for UT measurement. As for UTPA, it was found that the porosity measurement gives 3.0 mm higher value compared to actual value at 250 mm. As conclusion, the multi displays scan, A-scan, B-scan, Azimuthal scan, S-scan and C-scan could help the UT and UTPA in detecting the weld discontinuity in carbon steel plate. However, both instrument need improvement in detecting porosity of the samples.
This paper describes the remaining wall thickness assessment using Ultrasonic Testing Phased Array (UTPA) technique. A steel plate of thickness 15 mm consists of machined simulated corrosion with various thicknesses, depths, shapes, and sizes were used in this work. Manual corrosion scanner is attached with GE Phased Array (PA) thirty-two elements (transmitter and receiver) Dual Matrix probe of 5 MHz with 1.5 mm pitch is used. The scanner then applied firmly on the plate to execute the inspection. From the result, the relevant indications from the A, B and C-Scans display are collected and analysed. The outcome of the study revealed that UTPA technique is capable to collect a high density of measuring point of thickness compared to the conventional UT technique such as Ultrasonic Testing Thickness Gauge (UTTG).
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