The patients who underwent tailored temporal lobe epilepsy surgery guided by ECoG had similar outcome compared with the patients with epilepsy surgery not guided by ECoG.

Intramuscular injection of botulinum toxin (botox) into rodent hindlimbs has developed as a useful model for exploring muscle-bone interactions. Botox-induced muscle inhibition rapidly induces muscle atrophy and subsequent bone loss, with the latter hypothesized to result from reduced muscular loading of the skeleton. However, botox-induced muscle inhibition also reduces gravitational loading (as evident by reduced ground reaction forces during gait) which may account for its negative skeletal effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the skeletal effect of botox-induced muscle inhibition in cage control and tail suspended mice, with tail suspension being used to control for the reduced gravitational loading associated with botox. Female C57BL/ 6J mice were injected unilaterally with botox and contralaterally with vehicle, and subsequently exposed to tail suspension or normal cage activities for 6 weeks. Botox-induced muscle inhibition combined with tail suspension had the largest detrimental effect on the skeleton, causing the least gains in midshaft tibial bone mass, cortical area and cortical thickness, greatest gains in midshaft tibial medullary area, and lowest proximal tibial trabecular bone volume fraction. These data indicate botox-induced muscle inhibition has skeletal effects over and above any effect it has in altering gravitational loading, suggesting that muscle has a direct effect on bone. This effect may be relevant in the development of strategies targeting musculoskeletal health.

Skeletal loading enhances cortical and trabecular bone properties. How long these benefits last after loading cessation remains an unresolved, clinically relevant question. This study investigated long-term maintenance of loading-induced cortical and trabecular bone benefits in female C57BL/6 mice and the influence of a surgically induced menopause on the maintenance. Sixteen-week-old animals had their right tibia extrinsically loaded 3 days/week for 4 weeks using the mouse tibial axial compression loading model. Left tibias were not loaded and served as internal controls. Animals were subsequently detrained (restricted to cage activities) for 0, 4, 8, 26, or 52 weeks, with ovariectomy (OVX) or sham-OVX surgery being performed at 0 weeks detraining. Loading increased midshaft tibia cortical bone mass, size, and strength, and proximal tibia bone volume fraction. The cortical bone mass, area, and thickness benefits of loading were lost by 26 weeks of detraining because of heightened medullary expansion. However, loading-induced benefits on bone total area and strength were maintained at each detraining time point. Similarly, the benefits of loading on bone volume fraction persisted at all detraining time points. The long-term benefits of loading on both cortical and trabecular bone were not influenced by a surgically induced menopause because there were no interactions between loading and surgery. However, OVX had independent effects on cortical bone properties at early (4 and 8 weeks) detraining time points and trabecular bone properties at all detraining time points. These cumulative data indicate loading has long-term benefits on cortical bone size and strength (but not mass) and trabecular bone morphology, which are not influenced by a surgically induced menopause. This suggests skeletal loading associated with physical activity may provide long-term benefits by preparing the skeleton to offset both the cortical and trabecular bone changes associated with aging and menopause.

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to investigate whether uphill treadmill running in rats created histopathological changes within the Achilles tendon consistent with Achilles tendinosis in humans.MethodsTwenty-six mature rats selectively bred for high-capacity running were divided into run and cage control groups. Run group rats ran on a treadmill at a 15° incline for a maximum duration of 1 hr/d, 5 d/wk for 9 weeks at increasing speeds, while rats in the cage control group maintained normal cage activity. After 9 weeks, Achilles tendons were harvested for histological processing and semi-quantitative histopathological analysis.ResultsThere were no significant group differences within each of the individual histopathological categories assessed (all p ≥ 0.16) or for total histopathological score (p = 0.14).ConclusionsUphill treadmill running in rats selectively bred for high-capacity running did not generate Achilles tendon changes consistent with the histopathological presentation of Achilles tendinosis in humans.